Kwibira byimbitse muri wire, umutima wibikoresho byose bya elegitoroniki

Nitwa Kevin, no kuri telefoni yikoranabuhanga rya elegitoronike, isi yanjye izenguruka neza imiterere microscopic. Nagize amahirwe yo gukorana na injeniyeri nka Marcus mu Budage-abanyamwuga bumva ko kwizerwa kumirongo minini y'amadorari ishobora gutanga imirongo minini y'amadorari ishobora gutanga imirongo miliyoni imwe-y'amadolari ishobora guhitana umusatsi umwe, umusatsi wire. Ibi wire ikora a inkwano, ihuza ry'amashanyarazi n'ubukanishi cyane ku buryo bushobora guhindagurika hafi buri kigezweho igikoresho cya elegitoroniki. Iyi ni isi ya wire. Ni tekinoroji cyane kuruta byoroshye umugurisha, kandi umenyeshe ni ngombwa kubantu bose mumurima wacu. Muri iki gitabo, tuzatandukanya Uwiteka wire, Shakisha siyanse, uburyo, nibikoresho bitera iyi miyoboro ingenzi, kuguha ubushishozi bwimbitse bwa tekiniki bukenewe kugirango utunganyirize ibyawe Guhuza inzira.

Nubuhe intego yibanze yumugozi uhuza ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki?

Ibanze intego yo guhuza insinga ni ugukora amashanyarazi. By'umwihariko, Amarira ya Wire ni inzira yo guhuza imirongo ihuriweho na microscopique, cyangwa chip, kubipfunyika cyangwa ku kibaho cyacapwe. Ibi inkwano ni ihuza ryitumanaho. Bitabaye ibyo, ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gutunganya bwa chip byakomeza kwigunga kandi ntacyo bimaze. Amarira agenga uburyo bworoshye, bwizewe, nuburyo bwiza bwo gukora iyi mikoranire myiza. Buri wire Ibyakozwe nkikiraro gito, gitwara imbaraga muri chip na data muri yo. Umwe, ugoye Ibice bya elegitoroniki irashobora kuba ikubiyemo amagana, cyangwa n'ibihumbi, muri aba muntu insinga.

Uwiteka wire ubwayo ni hel-leta ikomeye. Bitandukanye nuburyo bukoreshwa ibikoresho byo gushonga, Amarira ikoresha ihuriro ryimbaraga, ubushyuhe, nimbaraga za ultrasonic kugirango ukore atomic itaziguye inkwano hagati ya wire n'icyuma kuri chip (i Bond Pad). Ibi birema isano idasanzwe. Ibyiza inkwano ifite imikorere myiza y'amashanyarazi n'imbaraga za mashini, zemeza Uwiteka igikoresho cya elegitoroniki Imikorere yizewe hejuru yubuzima bwayo bwose. Urusobe rukomeye rwibi inkwano Ihuza rigizwe inyuma yinyuma ya electronics zigezweho, kuva kuri terefone mu mufuka kuri sisitemu yo kugenzura yateye imbere mumodoka yamashanyarazi. Ubwiza bwa buri inkwano Ingaruka itaziguye imikorere no kuramba byibicuruzwa byanyuma.

Akamaro k'ibyiza wire ntishobora gukandagira. Amakosa imwe inkwano irashobora gutera sisitemu yose inanirwa. Kubwibyo, kurema neza inkwano Igihe cyose nintego nyamukuru. Ibi bisaba kumva byimazeyo ibikoresho birimo, fiziki ya Guhuza inzira, no kugenzura neza imashini. The wire ubwayo, the Bond Pad ibyuma, na Guhuza Ibipimo bigomba gukora byose mubuzima. Iyi niyo mpamvu wire ni ingingo yibanze kuba injeniyeri ziharanira gukora ibikoresho bya zeru. Buri watsinze inkwano ni Isezerano kubisobanuro byubukorikori.

Nigute umugozi utandukanye numucuruzi uhuza?

Mugihe byombi a wire na a umugurisha Gushiraho ihuriro ry'amashanyarazi, ni inzira zitandukanye zitandukanye hamwe nibisabwa bitandukanye. Itandukaniro rikomeye ni uko Amarira ni inzira ikomeye-ya leta ikora metallurgical itaziguye inkwano, mugihe umushyitsi ari inzira ikoresha ibikoresho byuzuza (umugurisha) hamwe no gushonga hasi kugirango uhuze hejuru yubuso bubiri. Tekereza a wire nka microscopic wel na umugurisha nk'izamuco.

Umugurisha Imirimo ishonga no gutemba hagati yibigize kugirango bihuze. Iyo ikonje, irashimangira, irema imashini zombi inkwano n'inzira y'amashanyarazi. Iyi nzira ni nziza yo guhuza binini Ibice bya elegitoronikis to beader. Ariko, ubushyuhe busabwa umugurisha irashobora kwangiza semicsuctor yoroshye chip. Byongeye kandi, umugurisha ingingo mubisanzwe ni nini cyane kandi nkeya kuruta a wire. Ntushobora gukoresha umugurisha Gukora ibihumbi n'ibihumbi bya microscopique bisabwa kuri kijyambere chip.

Ibinyuranye, a wire yakozwe utashonga Uwiteka wire cyangwa Bond Pad. Ingufu za Ultrasonic nigitutu zitera atome ya wire Kandi padi yo gukwirakwiza mugenzi wawe, ikora imiterere imwe, ikomeza ibyuma. Ibi Gutembera mu buryo butaziguye Uburyo butera imbaraga, byizewe, kandi buke cyane. Inzira nayo nayo irahagije kuri mikoro. Mugihe umugurisha ni itunganye yo guterana ku rwego rw'urwego, the wire ni tekinoroji yiganje kuri chip-Gukora ihuza. A wire ni ikintu gikomeye cyane kandi gisobanutse inkwano kuruta a umugurisha guhuza.

Ni ubuhe bwoko butatu bwo guhuza incunga ikoreshwa muri iki gihe?

Mw'isi ya microelectronika, hari Ubwoko butatu bwo Gutunganya iryo mikorere yo gukora: Guhuza amarira ya Thermositike, guhuza ultrason, na thermocompression. Buri Uburyo bw'insinga itanga ubushyuhe budasanzwe bwubushyuhe, igitutu, nimbaraga zo gukora byizewe inkwano. Gusobanukirwa ibi tekinike yo guhuza ni ngombwa muguhitamo inzira nziza kubisabwa runaka.

1. Amarira ya Thermosonic: Ibi nibisanzwe cyane Ubwoko bw'insinga Byakoreshejwe muri iki gihe, cyane cyane kuri Guhuza zahabu na Umuringa Wire. Ihuza ibintu byose uko ari bitatu: ubushyuhe, imbaraga, nimbaraga za ultrasonic. Inshyingo irashyuha ku bushyuhe buringaniye (mubisanzwe 125-150 ° C), yoroshya ibikoresho gato kandi bituma bakira neza Guhuza. Uwiteka igikoresho cyo guhuza hanyuma ukande kuri wire kuri Bond Pad Mugihe ushyira mu gaciro ultrasonic vibras. Uku guhuza kwemerera byihuse kandi byizewe inkwano ku bushyuhe bwo hasi n'ingabo kuruta thermocompressions, kurinda byoroshye chip.

2. Ubufatanye bwa Ultrasonic: Ibi Uburyo bwo guhuza Akenshi bita "ubukonje" bunditse kuko mubisanzwe bukorwa mubushyuhe bwicyumba. Ishingiye kuri extus gusa ku mbaraga za ultrasonic nigitutu cyo gukora inkwano. Igikorwa-cyinshi cya Scrubbing Igikorwa cyo Kurwanya wire Kumenagura amavuta yubuso kandi bigakora amakimbirane akenewe kugirango urubukuru rukomeye. Ultrasonic nuburyo busanzwe kuri Aluminium Wire, nkuko hejuru ya aluminium byoroshye gusohora urwego rukomeye rugomba guhishwa kure. Kubura ubushyuhe bwo hanze bituma iyi mikorere itungantego yubushyuhe.

3. Ubufatanye bwa THERMOCONMNSY: Iyi niyo yumwimerere Amarira tekinike. Ishingiye gusa ku bushyuhe bwinshi (hejuru ya 300 ° C) nigitutu cyo gukora a inkwano. Uwiteka wire na Bond Pad bashyuha kugeza aho atome ya mobile itwara ibidukikije bihagije kugirango ikwirakwize kandi ibe a inkwano iyo ukanze hamwe. Mugihe akamaro, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bushobora kwangiza cyangwa gutesha agaciro semiconductor chip. Nkigisubizo, ubu buryo ntibusanzwe muri iki gihe ariko buracyakoreshwa muburyo bwihariye aho imbaraga za ultrasonic zidashobora gukoreshwa. Ubwihindurize bwo muri thermocompressions Amarira ya Thermosonic yari intambwe ikomeye yateje imbere inganda.

Urashobora gusobanura imiterere ya chip na wire?

Uwiteka chip na Inzira yo Guhuza Wire ni umuntu wikora cyane, inzira yimibare myinshi ibaho imbere yubuhanga wire Bonder. Reka dusenye urukurikirane rusanzwe Umupira wa Thermosonic cycle, ikunze kugaragara Amarira tekinike.

Ubwa mbere, the chip (cyangwa gupfa) yashizwe neza kuri substrate cyangwa lisame. Iyi nteko noneho irashyuha kugeza ubushyuhe. A insinga, mubisanzwe zahabu cyangwa umuringa, biranyeganyega mu gikoresho cyuzuye cyitwa capillary. Ikibatsi cyamashanyarazi kirasa kuri iherezo ry'insinga, gusashonga kandi ugize umuzingi wuzuye, uzwi nkumupira wikirere. Aha niho inzira itangirira.

Imashini ukuboko kwa robo noneho itera capillary hasi kuri chip. Ikanda umupira kuri yihariye Bond Pad n'imbaraga zifatika. Icyarimwe, imashini ikoresha ingufu za ultrasonic. Ibi birema Uwiteka umuhuza wa mbere, ihuza rikomeye, risukuye. Imashini noneho iratera igikoresho hanyuma itangira kwimuka yerekeza kumurongo wa kabiri kumurongo, kwishyura wire uko bigenda. Inzira ifata impapuro yitonze muri wire. Hanyuma, igikoresho gikanda wire kurwanya urutonde rwo gushiraho the umuhuza wa kabiri (umudozi " inkwano). Clamp ifata wire, kandi igikoresho kigenda hejuru, kumena wire ku gitsinsino cya kabiri inkwano hanyuma usige muto umurizo yiteguye uruziga rukurikira. Ibi byose Inzira yo Guhuza Wire, kuva i umuhuza wa mbere Kuri wire Kumena, bibaho mugice cya kabiri.

Ni ibihe bikoresho nubwoko bwincuro bikoreshwa mubucuti?

Guhitamo ibikoresho n'insinga ni icyemezo gikomeye muri Inzira yo Guhuza Wire. Guhitamo bigira ingaruka itaziguye ikiguzi, imikorere, no kwizerwa kwa igikoresho cya elegitoroniki. Uwiteka insinga zo kwirambira Ugomba kugira imishinga myinshi y'amashanyarazi, imbaraga nziza za romoni, no kurwanya ruswa. Ibanze eshatu Ubwoko bw'insinga ikoreshwa mu marira ni zahabu, umuringa, na alumunum.

• Zahabu (au) insinga: Umugozi wa zahabu ni amahitamo yo guhitamo. Ni kwizerwa cyane kuko ntabwo bikaba, byemeza ubuso butanduye inkwano. Nayo nayoroshye kandi yuzuye, itanga imbaraga inkwano gushingwa n'imbaraga nke ugereranije n'ubushyuhe. Ibi bikora Guhuza zahabu Nibyiza kuri delicate, imicungire yuzuye. Ibisubizo nyamukuru byo gukoresha Umugozi wa zahabu nigiciro kinini. Ibyiza inkwano hamwe na Umugozi wa zahabu ni kenshi byoroshye kubigeraho.
• Umuringa (CU) insinga: Umuyoboro w'umuringa yagaragaye nkubundi buryo buhebuje bwa zahabu. Imishinga yacyo kandi yubushyuhe niyo iruta zahabu. Ariko, Umuringa Wire Yerekana ingorane nyinshi. Umuringa biragoye kuruta zahabu, bityo guhuza ibipimo igomba kugenzurwa neza kugirango yirinde kwangiza Uwiteka chip. Biranyoma kandi byoroshye, bishobora kubangamira inkwano. Ibi bisaba Guhuza gukorwa mu kirere cya inert. Nubwo izo mbogamizi, igiciro gito kigira amahitamo akunzwe.
• Aluminum (al) wire: Umuyoboro wa Aluminium ni akazi k'inganda za elegitoroniki. Mubisanzwe bikoreshwa muri Wedge Porogaramu. Iyo an Umuyoboro wa Aluminium ifitanye isano kuri aluminium Bond Pad kuri a chip, irema sisitemu yizewe cyane ya mono-metallic. Ibi birinda gushiraho ibice byimiryango ihuriweho bishobora kubaho muri Gold Wish Bond-Bond Pad Icyuma, cyane cyane ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru. An Umuyoboro wa Aluminium nabyo ni ikiguzi cyane. Twihariye mugutanga isuku insinga ya aluminium Kuri ibyo bisaba.

Kuki zahabu yiganjemo cyane muguhuza?

Nubwo watwaye igiciro kinini, Umugozi wa zahabu yagumye ifumbire yo kwizerwa cyane Chip Gupakira kubwimpamvu nyinshi zingenzi. Ibanga ryayo Guhuza inzira ni Isezerano Mubintu bidasanzwe byayo bifatika, bituma habaho gushinga amategeko kandi yizewe inkwano byoroshye kuruta ibindi bikoresho. Kuri injeniyeri yahawe inshingano zo kwemeza umusaruro ntarengwa nigihe kirekire, ibyiza bya a Inguzanyo ya Gold Wire bakunze gukomera.

Inyungu zikomeye za Umugozi wa zahabu ni impeta zayo. Zahabu ntirugenda cyangwa ngo itere munsi yuburyo busanzwe. Ibi bivuze ubuso bwa wire ni burigihe gushishoza kandi biteguye Guhuza, gukuraho impinduka nini zishobora gutera Ubwiza bubi no gukora inenge. Ibi biratandukanye numuringa, bisaba ikirere kikirinda gukumira okiside kubangamira inkwano. Uwiteka Guhuza zahabu ni byinshi byo kubabarira.

Byongeye kandi, Umugozi wa zahabu ni umutuku cyane kandi byoroshye. Ibi birabyemera Gushyira hamwe ku mbaraga zo hasi n'ubushyuhe mugihe Amarira ya Thermosonic. Gukoresha imbaraga nke zigabanya ibyago byo gucana cyangwa kwangiza silicon yoroshye chip munsi ya Bond Pad. Ubwitonzi bwa Umugozi wa zahabu Emerera guhindura byoroshye, gukora ahantu hanini, kwizewe kuri inkwano. Mugihe Irinde kwirambira zahabu ube intego yo kugabanya ibiciro, kubutumwa-bunebwe aho gutsindwa atari amahitamo, kwizerwa bitangwa na a Inguzanyo ya Gold Wire akenshi bifite agaciro ka premium.

Nigute ishyaka riri ritandukanye ritandukanye nubundi buryo bwo guhuza?

Wedge igaragara muri Wire Wire Technologies Bitewe nigikoresho cyihariye, inzira itemba, na porogaramu. Bitandukanye Umupira, ikoresha capillary izengurutse itangirana numupira inkwano, Wedge ikoresha a wedge-aba igikoresho cyo gukanda wire ku buryo butaziguye. The insinga irakanda kandi isebye hamwe nimbaraga za ultrasonic kugirango ukore ubudozi inkwano. Itandukaniro ryibanze riganisha kubintu byinshi bitandukanye.

Ikintu kimwe cyingenzi cya Wedge nubushobozi bwayo bwo gukora umwirondoro muto inkwano. Umudozi wavuyemo inkwano ni byiza cyane kuruta umupira inkwano, gukora Wedge Nibyiza kubisabwa aho guhagarikwa bigarukira. Iremerera kandi ikibanza cyiza cyane Guhuza, aho Bond kuri a chip bashyizwe hafi cyane. The Wedge inzira itanga kugenzura neza hejuru yumurongo wa wire, ikaba ingenzi mu bikoresho byinshi. Uku gusobanura niyo mpamvu twe ibikoresho bya injeniyeri nkacu yihariye igikoresho cyo guhuza guhura no kwihanganira.

Wedge ni tekinike yiganje kuri Aluminium Wire. Ibikorwa bya ultrasonic scrubbing nibyiza cyane mugucamo ibice kavukire kuri an Umuyoboro wa Aluminium. Iyi nzira irashobora kandi gukoresha Umugozi wa zahabu (zahabu yadge ihuza) cyangwa ribbon, bigashira cyane. Ariko, Wedge muri rusange gahoro kuruta Umupira Kuberako igikoresho kigomba guhuzwa kuri buri inkwano. Nubwo bimeze bityo, kubikoresho byinshi hamwe nibikoresho-bya porogaramu nziza, kwizerwa no gusobanuka kwa Wedge Bond kora amahitamo asumba ayandi guhuza bitandukanye tekinoroji. The Wedge Guhuza Bond ni akazi.

Niki kigize "cyiza" kandi ubigeraho ute?

"Ibyiza" inkwano nimwe byombi byumvikana byamashanyarazi kandi bikomeye cyane, bishoboye kuramba ubuzima bwose bwa igikoresho cya elegitoroniki. Kuri injeniyeri, ibyiza inkwano bisobanurwa nibipimo byihariye, byapimwe: Birahagije imbaraga, kurwanya amashanyarazi make, hamwe nuburyo buhoraho, bwakozwe neza. Kugera kuri ibi byuzuye inkwano ni intego y'ibanze ya Kunoza inzira yo guhuza insinga.

Mu buryo bugaragara, umupira mwiza inkwano bigomba kuba byuzuye kandi bishingiye kuri Bond Pad, hamwe na deformation igaragara (squash) yerekana isano ikomeye. Wedge nziza inkwano bigomba kwerekana ibitekerezo bitandukanye, kimwe kuva kuri igikoresho cyo guhuza. Ntabwo hagomba kubaho ibice muri inkwano cyangwa kuzenguruka chip, na wire gusohoka inkwano (i Umupira Wumupira cyangwa agatsinsino) bigomba kuba bidafite ubudakemwa bukabije cyangwa kwangirika cyane. Ubusugire bwa Wire Bond-Bond Padi Imigaragarire irahari.

Kugera ku byiza inkwano bisaba kugenzura neza kuri guhuza ibipimo: imbaraga, imbaraga za ultrasonic, igihe, nubushyuhe. Ibi bigomba guhuza umwihariko ibikoresho n'insinga gukoreshwa, harimo na Ingano no kumenyekanisha Bond Pad. Ibikoresho byiza bitari ngombwa; Igikoresho cyambarwa cyangwa gikennye ntigishobora kubyara inkwano. Hanyuma, isuku ni ingenzi. Kwanduza iyo ari yo yose kuri chip cyangwa wire Irashobora gukumira bikwiye inkwano kuva ku bufatanye. Ubucuti bwizewe ni ibisubizo byibikorwa byateguwe neza, ibikoresho bikuru, no gukurikirana bikomeza. Ikomeye inkwano ni kwizerwa inkwano. Buri wese inkwano ibibazo.

Ni iki gikubiye mu kwipimisha insinga zo kwizerwa?

Guharanira Wire Bond Kwizerwa nigice gikomeye cyibikorwa byo kugenzura ubuziranenge mukora Semiconductor. Mwiza inkwano ntacyo bivuze niba idafite imbaraga zisabwa. Kubwibyo, imbaraga Kwipimisha insinga Bonds ikorwa kugirango yemeze inzira yo guhuza no kwemeza imikorere yigihe kirekire. Ibizamini bibiri bikunze gusenya ni wire Gukurura ikizamini na inkwano ikizamini cyo gusinzira.

Gukurura insinga ni ikizamini cya quintession kuri buri wire. Harimo gukoresha umwobo muto kugirango ukure hejuru kuri wire kuri apex ya lop yayo kugeza igihe wire Kumena cyangwa imwe mumwongo irazamura. Imbaraga zisabwa kugirango ibitsindwa bipimirwa mu gahato. Aya makuru noneho agereranywa n'ibipimo ngenderwaho (nka mil-std-883) kugirango umenye niba imbaraga iremewe. Ahantu kunanirwa byanditswe kandi, nkuko itanga amakuru yo gusobanura agaciro kubyerekeye ubuzima bwa wire kandi muri rusange inzira yo guhuza.

Bond Gukurura no kwipimisha itanga ikindi gice cyemewe. A inkwano Ikizamini cyo hasi gikoreshwa mu gupima itaziguye ipfumu rya inkwano Kuri Bond Pad. Igikoresho kiza mu ruhande no gusunika kuri inkwano (umupira inkwano cyangwa wedge inkwano) kugeza igihe kimaze gutanga. Imbaraga zisabwa kugirango mpindure Uwiteka inkwano ni igipimo kiziguye cyubwiza bwa metallurgical Weld. Byombi Wire Bond Kurura no hepfo Ibizamini mubisanzwe bikorwa kucyitegererezo kugirango ukurikirane umutekano wa Guhuza inzira. Ibi bihoraho Kwipimisha insinga yemeza ko buri igikoresho cya elegitoroniki ibyo bisiga uruganda rufite bikomeye kandi byizewe wire umuyoboro.

Ni izihe mpamvu zisanzwe zitera kunanirwa kw'insinga kandi ni gute zishobora kwirinda?

Gutsindwa ni impungenge zikomeye muri dosiye ya elegitoronike, nkuko zishobora kuganisha ku mikorere mibi kandi wibuke bihenze. Ibi byananiranye birashobora gukurikiranwa muri rusange kubibazo biri mubice bitatu: ibikoresho, kugenzura inzira, cyangwa guhangayikishwa no guhungabana. Gusobanukirwa iyo mizi niyo ntambwe yambere yo gukumira. Kunanirwa wire ni kunanirwa inkwano.

Imwe mu mpamvu zikunze gutera intege nke inkwano kwanduza. Ibikoresho byose byamahanga kuri Bond Pad cyangwa wire-Kubera oxide, umukungugu, cyangwa ibisigara bya shimi - birashobora gukora nkinzitizi, irinda metallurgical ikomeye inkwano kuva ku bufatanye. Ibi byerekana protocole nziza. Ikindi kibazo gikomeye kidakwiye guhuza ibipimo. Imbaraga nyinshi zirashobora gucamo chip, mugihe imbaraga nke cyane cyangwa ingufu zaltrasonic zishobora kuvamo kudacika, cyangwa guterura, inkwano. Idirishya ryinzira nziza inkwano Birashobora kuba bigufi, bisaba imashini isanzwe kalibrasi. Aha niho ubuhanga bwumutanga nka Dongxin Ikoranabuhanga rya elegitoroniki ihinduka ntagereranywa.

Kunanirwa birashobora kandi kubaho nyuma ya wire bikorwa. Ibice bya Sormetallic, cyane cyane muri zahabu-aluminium sisitemu, irashobora gukura mugihe no kuganisha ku ntege nke inkwano. Guhangayikishwa na imashini ziva mubikoresho byo gupakira ibikoresho mugihe cyamagare yubushyuhe ashobora kandi gutera umunaniro muri wire, biganisha ku kiruhuko ku gitsinsino cya inkwano. Kwirinda ibi gutsindwa bisaba uburyo bworoshye: ukoresheje ibikoresho byiza cyane, kugenzura neza inzira yo guhuza, gushushanya imihangayiko, kandi ukora kwipimisha kwizerwa. Buri inkwano muri igikoresho cya elegitoroniki igomba kuba intungane.

ABAFATANYIJE

• Inguzanyo ya Wire ni ngombwa: Uwiteka wire ni ihuriro ryibanze rituma semiconductor chip gukora muri an igikoresho cya elegitoroniki. Buri inkwano ni ihuriro ryingenzi.
• Ntabwo ari kimwe n'umugurisha: A wire ni byiza, bikomeye-leta yera, mugihe umugurisha ni ibyuma. The inkwano irakomeye cyane kandi ntoya.
• Inzira eshatu nyamukuru: Guhuza inzira Kimwe na Thermosonic, Ultrasonic, na TheRocompressions ikoreshwa, hamwe Amarira ya Thermosonic kuba rusange kuburinganire bwihuta n'umutekano kuri chip.
• Ibintu bifatika: Guhitamo hagati Umugozi wa zahabu, umuyoboro w'umuringa, na Umuyoboro wa Aluminium ni ugucuruza hagati yikiguzi, imikorere, nibikenewe byihariye. Birakwiye wire ni urufunguzo rwiza inkwano.
• Ubwiza burapimwa: Ibyiza inkwano ifite hejuru imbaraga no kurwanya amashanyarazi make. Ibi byemejwe binyuze mubigeragezo byangiza nka wire gukurura na inkwano kwipimisha.
• Kunanirwa birashobora kwirindwa: Byinshi gutsindwa igiti cyo kwanduza, atari cyo guhuza ibipimo, cyangwa guhangayika. Inzira ikomeye nibikoresho byiza cyane ni byiza gukumira. Intego ni nziza inkwano, buri gihe.