Kodi Bonding Wire ndi chiyani? Ngwazi Yosawoneka ya Semiconductor Reliability

Monga katswiri pa makina a micro-machining ndi sayansi yazinthu, masiku anga ali ndi zokambirana zakuya zaukadaulo ndi mainjiniya ngati Marcus ku Germany. Ndiwo omwe ali kutsogolo, akukankhira malire a zomwe zingatheke mu semiconductor ndi magetsi opanga magetsi. Mutu womwe umabwera pafupipafupi modabwitsa ndi wodzichepetsa chingwe cholumikizira. Kachingwe kakang'ono ka zitsulo, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yopyapyala kusiyana ndi tsitsi laumunthu, nthawi zambiri imanyalanyazidwa, komabe mosakayikira ndi imodzi mwa zigawo zofunika kwambiri pamagulu aliwonse ophatikizidwa (KODI). Kulephera mu microscopic iyi kulumikizana ikhoza kupangitsa chipangizo chovuta komanso chokwera mtengo kukhala chopanda ntchito. Nkhaniyi simalo ogulitsa; ndikulowa mozama mu sayansi ya zinthu ndi uinjiniya womwe umapanga kupangakudalirika chingwe cholumikizira. Tisanthula zida zosiyanasiyana, mawonekedwe ake apadera, ndi chifukwa chake kusankha koyenera kwa waya ndizofunikira pakuchita bwino kwa chinthu chanu chomaliza.

Kodi cholinga chachikulu cha waya womangira ndi chiyani?

Pamlingo wake wofunikira kwambiri, a chingwe cholumikizira ndi wabwino kwambiri,chiyero waya ntchito kulenga zamagetsi kugwirizana mkati a semiconductor chipangizo. Imakhala ngati mlatho wosinthika, wonyamula mphamvu ndi ma sign pakati pa silicon chip (KODI) ndi zitsulo zazitsulo za phukusi lake loteteza. Ganizirani izi ngati dongosolo lamanjenje la chip. Mosiyana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito solder, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kusungunuka ndipo sizingachitike pamlingo wabwino chotere popanda kuwononga chip chosalimba, waya kugwirizana ndi ndondomeko yokhazikika. A apadera makina ogwirizana amagwiritsa ultrasonic mphamvu, mphamvu, ndipo nthawi zina kutentha kulenga zitsulo weld, kapena mgwirizano, kumapeto onse awiri a waya.

Izi zazing'ono kulumikizana iyenera kukhala yolimba modabwitsa. Imafunika kupirira kupsinjika kwamakina, kukwera njinga yamoto, komanso kunyamula mphamvu yamagetsi popanda kuwononga nthawi yonse ya chipangizocho. Kusankha kwa waya zakuthupi, m'mimba mwake, ndi zenizeni zake katundu wakuthupi onse amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga opambana ndi odalirika waya mgwirizano. Aliyense mgwirizano ziyenera kukhala zangwiro.

Chifukwa chiyani mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya waya yolumikizira ili yofunikira?

Palibe yankho la "mulingo umodzi wokwanira-onse" likafika chingwe cholumikizira. Kusankhidwa kwa zinthu ndi chisankho chofunikira chaumisiri choyendetsedwa ndi zomwe mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito, kuphatikiza mtengo, magwiridwe antchito, komanso nthawi yayitali. kudalirika. Zida zitatu zoyambirira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi golide (Au), mkuwa (Ku), ndi aluminiyamu (Al). Iliyonse ili ndi zida zake zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana yolumikizirana komanso zinthu zina zomaliza.

Katswiri ayenera kuganizira zinthu zingapo:

• Njira ya Bonding: Ndi liwiro lalikulu mgwirizano wa mpira ndondomeko kapena kulondola mgwirizano wa wedge? Golide ndi mkuwa ndi abwino kwa mgwirizano wa mpiraine, pa aluminiyamu ndiye muyezo wa ultrasonic mphero kugwirizana.
• Zofunika Kuchita: Kodi chipangizochi chimagwira ntchito pafupipafupi kwambiri kapena chimakhala ndi mafunde apamwamba? Mkuwa ali ndi apamwamba magetsi conductivity,koma waya wagolide imapereka kukana kwabwino kwa dzimbiri.
• Zopinga za Mtengo: Kulumikiza waya wagolide ndi njira yokhwima koma yokwera mtengo. Waya wamkuwa imapereka njira yotsika mtengo yokhala ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri, pomwe waya wa aluminiyamu ndi zotsika mtengo kwambiri.
• Kudalirika Kwanthawi Yaitali: Zikhala bwanji waya kulumikizana ndi bond pansi zitsulo pakapita nthawi ndi kutentha ntchito? Kupewa brittle intermetallic mapangidwe ndikofunikira kwambiri.

Kodi waya wa golide amapangidwa bwanji kuti azilumikiza mpira wothamanga kwambiri?

Waya wagolide ndi choyambirira komanso chomveka bwino chingwe cholumikizira. Ngakhale zikuwoneka zowongoka, a golidi weniweni zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu pulogalamuyi ndizinthu zopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri. Waya womangira golide pafupifupi konse 99.99% oyera golide. Imapangidwa mwadala ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono, tomwe timayendetsedwa ndi zinthu zina kuti ziwongolere bwino zomwe zimafunikira. ndondomeko ya mpira.

Ma dopants awa, omwe angaphatikizepo zinthu ngati beryllium (Kukhala) kapena palladium (Pd), amawonjezedwa pazifukwa zingapo. Amathandizira kuwongolera kapangidwe ka mbewu zitsulo monga chimalimba pambuyo popanga mpira wopanda mpweya. Chokhazikika, chokhazikika cha njere ndichofunikira kuti chikhale cholimba komanso chobwerezabwereza mgwirizano. Ma dopants amawonjezeranso kuuma kwa waya, zomwe zimathandizira kuyeretsa thupi lupu mawonekedwe popanda kufota. Wopangidwa bwino waya wagolide amapereka mlingo wangwiro wa softness polenga mgwirizano ndi kuuma kwa kusunga kupanga lupu. Kutha kupanga chinthu changwiro, chozungulira mpira ndi katundu wapadera wa waya wagolide ndi pakati pa ndondomeko ya mpira.

Ndi malonda otani ogwiritsira ntchito mkuwa ngati waya womangira?

Waya wamkuwa wakhala wotchuka kwambiri m'malo waya wagolide, makamaka chifukwa cha kupulumutsa kwakukulu kwa mtengo. Kuchokera pamawonekedwe a magwiridwe antchito, mkuwa ndi chisankho chabwino kwambiri. Ili ndi pafupifupi 40% kuposa magetsi conductivity ndi bwino kwambiri matenthedwe madutsidwe kuposa golide. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino kwa zida zamagetsi zomwe zimafunikira kuyendetsa mafunde apamwamba ndikuchotsa kutentha. Komabe, ntchito ndi waya wamkuwa imapereka zovuta zingapo zomwe mainjiniya ayenera kuthana nazo.

Vuto lalikulu ndi oxidation. Mkuwa mosavuta amapanga an oxide wosanjikiza pamene akumana ndi mpweya, makamaka pa kutentha okwera wa thermosonic kugwirizana. Izi oxide akhoza kusokoneza mapangidwe abwino mgwirizano. Kuti muchite izi, makina opangira ma waya kugwiritsa ntchito mkuwa Ayenera kugwira ntchito m'malo opanda mpweya, omwe ali ndi mpweya wa nayitrogeni. Komanso, mkuwa ndi cholimba kuposa golidi. Izi zikutanthauza apamwamba mgwirizano mphamvu ndi ultrasonic mphamvu zimafunika, zomwe zimawonjezera chiopsezo chowononga chosalimba silicon kufa pansi pa bond pansi. Kuti muchepetse izi, mapulogalamu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito palladium yokutidwa mkuwa waya. Wowonda wosanjikiza wa palladium amateteza mkuwa kuchokera ku okosijeni ndikuwongolera mgwirizano kudalirika.

Ndi liti pamene waya wa aluminiyamu ndi wabwino kwambiri kuti ukhale wodalirika?

Pamene golide ndi mkuwa kulamulira mgwirizano wa mpira msika, waya wa aluminiyamu ndi mfumu ya ultrasonic wedge kugwirizana. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa ma semiconductors amagetsi, zamagetsi zamagalimoto, ndi ma module a RF. Chifukwa chachikulu cha izi ndi kugwirizana kwazitsulo. The mgwirizano pad pa semiconductor kufa amapangidwa pafupifupi nthawi zonse aluminiyamu. Pamene inu mgwirizano ndi waya wa aluminiyamu ku a aluminiyamu pad, mumapanga mono-metallic system. Izi zimakhala zokhazikika komanso zodalirika pakapita nthawi, makamaka pa kutentha kwakukulu.

Pamene a waya wagolide amagwirizana ndi aluminiyamu pad, njira yokhazikika kufalikira akuyamba, kupanga golide-aluminiyamu intermetallic mankhwala pa mawonekedwe. Zina mwazinthuzi ndizowonongeka ndipo zimatha kuyambitsa mgwirizano zolephera pa moyo wa mankhwala, chodabwitsa chotchedwa "wofiirira mliri." Pogwiritsa ntchito waya wa aluminiyamu, makina olephera akuluwa amapewedwa kotheratu. Kwa ntchito zomwe zimafuna mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa nthawi yayitali kudalirika, ndi heavy awiri Waya woyenga wa aluminiyamu kugwirizana ndi chingwe cholimba mgwirizano wa wedge ndiye muyezo wagolide. Izi ndi mtundu wa waya timagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri pamagalimoto ofunikira komanso mafakitale.

Kodi makina amakina monga elongation ndi kulimba kwamphamvu amakhudza bwanji ma waya?

Pamene injiniya alandira a spool za chingwe cholumikizira, ndi kufotokoza sheet idzalemba zinthu zamakina ngati chokhazikika mphamvu ndi elongation. Izi si manambala chabe; iwo ndi zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri mmene waya adzachita mothamanga kwambiri makina ogwirizana.

• Mphamvu Yamphamvu (kapena Kuphwanya Katundu): Izi zimayesa mphamvu yofunikira kuti ithyole waya. A waya ayenera kukhala amphamvu mokwanira kuti athe kupirira zopsinjika za kugwirizana ndondomeko, kuphatikizapo "misozi" yomaliza pambuyo yachiwiri mgwirizano mu a mgwirizano wa wedge ndondomeko. Komabe, a waya zomwe ndi zamphamvu kwambiri zimakhala zovuta mgwirizano ndipo angafunike kukakamiza kwambiri.
• Elongation: Izi zimayesa bwanji waya ikhoza kutambasula isanasweka, yofotokozedwa ngati peresenti. Izi mosakayikira ndizofunika kwambiri. A waya ndi zabwino elongation ndiwosavuta komanso wokhululuka panthawiyi mgwirizano mapangidwe. Ndikofunikiranso kupanga malupu okhazikika, okhazikika. A waya ndi low elongation ndi brittle ndipo imatha kuyambitsa ming'alu pachidendene cha mgwirizano,ku a waya ndi okwera kwambiri elongation ikhoza kukhala yofewa kwambiri, yotsogolera ku lupu kufooka kapena kufooka kwa minofu. The elongation imayendetsedwa bwino panthawi ya waya kupanga njira pogwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza kujambula ndi chakamasitepe.

Kodi "doping" waya yolumikizira imachita chiyani kuti igwire bwino ntchito yake?

"Doping" ndi njira yowonjezerapo zochepa kwambiri, zolamulidwa kwambiri zazinthu zina kuzinthu zoyambirira zitsulo kuwonjezera mphamvu zake. Tikukamba za magawo-per-million (ppm) magawo. Izi sizophweka chabe aloyi; ndi sayansi yeniyeni. Cholinga cha dopants izi ndi kusokoneza dongosolo metallurgical wa waya.

Mwachitsanzo, mu waya wagolide, ma dopants amathandizira kukonza kapangidwe kambewu. Mu mawonekedwe ake oyera, the zitsulo ali ndi njere zazikulu, zofewa. Kuonjezera ma dopants kumapanga malo opangira ma nucleation, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mbewu yabwino, yofanana. Izi zimapangitsa kuti waya zamphamvu ndipo, koposa zonse, zimatsimikizira kuti kutentha-zone yokhudzidwa pamwamba pa mpira pambuyo kupanga mpira ndi wamphamvu ndi wokhazikika. Izi zimalepheretsa wamba chilema Zomwe zimatchedwa "heat-affected zone (HAZ) sag," zomwe zingayambitse waya kufupikitsa m'mphepete mwa imfa. Mofananamo, mu waya wa aluminiyamu, kuwonjezera 1% silicon imalimbitsa kwambiri waya ndikuletsa kuti zisafewe kwambiri, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri ultrasonic wedge kugwirizana. Chisankho cha dope a waya nthawi zonse ndi bwino kukwaniritsa ankafuna makina katundu wa waya.

Kodi mumawonetsetsa bwanji kuti waya womangirira ndi wodalirika komanso wodalirika?

Kwa mainjiniya ngati Marcus, kusasinthika ndi chilichonse. Njira yomwe imagwira ntchito bwino ndi imodzi spool za waya iyenera kugwira ntchito mofanana ndi yotsatira. The khalidwe ulamuliro kwa chingwe cholumikizira chifukwa chake ndizovuta kwambiri. Zimayamba ndi zopangira, zomwe ziyenera kukhala zapamwamba kwambiri chiyero (mwachitsanzo, 99.99% kapena "4N" chiyero).

Pazojambula zonse ndi chakandondomeko, ndi waya awiri ziyenera kusungidwa mu kulolerana kolimba kwambiri. Ngakhale kusintha kwakung'ono kungakhudze kugwirizana magawo ndi kubweretsa zotsatira zosagwirizana. Chomaliza waya kenako amayesedwa molingana ndi miyezo monga Chithunzi cha ASTM njira yoyesera F72. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuyeza katundu wake wosweka ndi elongation. The pamwamba cha waya iyeneranso kukhala yoyera, yopanda kuipitsidwa kapena zokala zomwe zingasokoneze mgwirizano. Pomaliza, a waya amapangidwa mwapadera spool pansi pazovuta zoyendetsedwa kuti muteteze kuwonongeka kwa makina. Kusungidwa koyenera ndi kagwiridwe kake nakonso ndikofunikira, monganso kutsatira zomwe akulimbikitsidwa alumali moyo. The khalidwe labwino ndi chiwonetsero chachindunji cha khalidwe la waya.

Ndi mitundu yotani yolephera yomwe imakhudzana ndi waya womangira womwewo?

Pamene a waya mgwirizano akulephera, waya palokha ikhoza kukhala gwero. Kumvetsetsa zolephera izi ndikofunikira pakuthana ndi zovuta.

• Waya Sag/Sway: Ndi waya lupu imapindika ndi kukhudza moyandikana waya kapena m'mphepete mwa imfa, kuchititsa dera lalifupi. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala chifukwa cha waya kukhala wofewa kwambiri (osayenera aloyi kapena chakandi).
• Kusweka Chidendene: Mng'alu umapanga m'munsi mwa mphero mgwirizano. Izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa a waya ndicho brittle kwambiri (ochepa elongation) kapena ndi mapindikidwe ochulukirapo panthawi ya mgwirizano.
• Bond Lift: Ndi mgwirizano amalephera kukakamira. Ngakhale nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta, zimatha kuyambitsidwa ndi kuipitsidwa pa waya pamwamba.
• Waya Wosweka mu HAZ:mu a mgwirizano wa mpira, ndi waya imasweka pamwamba pa mpira. Izi zikulozera ku dongosolo losayendetsedwa bwino la tirigu mu wayaZone yokhudzidwa ndi kutentha.

Nkhanizi zikuwonetsa chifukwa chake pali mgwirizano wozama pakati pa wopanga zida ndi ma waya supplier ndi wofunika kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, kuthetsa zovuta kugwirizana vuto limafuna kusanthula kogwirizana kwa onse awiri kugwirizana process ndi wayaSayansi ya zinthu. Nthawi zambiri timathandiza makasitomala athu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito athu otomatiki waya bonders kuzindikira ndi kuthetsa mavuto omwewo.

Kodi kusankha mawaya oyenera kumakulitsa bwanji kudalirika kwa chipangizo kwa nthawi yayitali?

Kusankha kwa chingwe cholumikizira zimakhudza kwambiri nthawi yayitali kudalirika cha an Integrated dera. Choyambirira mgwirizano khalidwe ndi chiyambi chabe cha nkhani. The waya ndi zake mgwirizano ayenera kukhala ndi moyo zaka zambiri zogwira ntchito m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Zolondola kusankha zinthu Ndikofunikira kwambiri popewa zolephera zomwe zimangowoneka pambuyo pa maola masauzande ambiri akuthamanga panjinga.

Monga tanena, kugwiritsa ntchito waya wa aluminiyamu pa aluminiyamu pads amachotsa chiopsezo cha brittle gold-aluminiyamu intermetallics. Za waya wamkuwa, pogwiritsa a palladium kuyanika kungalepheretse makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi kuonetsetsa bata la mgwirizano. The mphamvu zonyamulira panopa cha waya ziyeneranso kuganiziridwa. Kugwiritsa ntchito a waya ndi zosakwanira waya awiri chifukwa chomwe chikuyenera kunyamula chimapangitsa kuti chitenthe kwambiri, kufulumizitsa ukalamba komanso zomwe zingabweretse kulephera. Kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kokwanira cha waya wachibale ndi ena onse phukusi zipangizo ndi chinthu china chimene chiyenera kukhala kuganiziridwa. Ufulu chingwe cholumikizira si gawo chabe; ndi maziko a chipangizo chopangidwa kudalirika.