Dzina langa ndi Kevin, ndipo pano ku Dongxin Electronic Technology, masiku anga ali odzazidwa ndi sayansi ya ang'onoang'ono kwambiri. Ndimagwira ntchito ndi mainjiniya ngati a Marcus ku Germany, anzeru, osamala omwe amamvetsetsa kuti kupambana kwa kampani kumadalira kudalirika kwa chinthu chimodzi, chowoneka bwino. waya. Cholakwika waya chomangira, pafupifupi wosaoneka ndi maso, ukhoza kutsika mtengo wa madola miliyoni. Nkhaniyi ndi ya a Marcus komanso ya injiniya aliyense, katswiri, komanso wokonda kudziwa yemwe akufuna kusuzumira kuseri kwa nsalu yotchinga. Tidzasokoneza dziko lapansi waya chomangira, kuyang'ana momwe izi zing'onozing'ono ma bond mawaya kupanga dongosolo lamanjenje la chipangizo chilichonse chamagetsi chomwe muli nacho. Ndi ulendo wopita kudziko lolondola, lamphamvu, ndi lafizikiki lomwe limalumikiza nthawi yathu ya digito.
Kodi Wire Bond Ndi Chiyani Ndipo Ndi Chifukwa Chiyani Ndi Yofunika Kwambiri Kwa Dera Lophatikizana?
Mwachidule chake, a waya chomangira ndi chingwe chaching'ono waya ntchito kupanga kulumikiza magetsi mwa a semiconductor chip ndi ma CD ake kapena bolodi losindikizidwa (PCB). Ganizilani za Integrated dera (KODI) monga mzinda, wodzaza ndi chidziwitso ndi zizindikiro zamagetsi. Mzindawu umafunika misewu kuti ugwirizane ndi dziko lakunja. Mabondi mawaya ndiye misewu yayikulu. Amapereka njira yakuthupi kuti magetsi ndi deta ziziyenda mkati ndi kunja kwa chip, kupanga zonse dera ntchito. Popanda maulumikizidwe awa, apamwamba kwambiri chipangizo cha semiconductor m'dziko lapansi ndi gawo laling'ono chabe silicon.
Kufunika kwa waya chomangira ndi zazikulu chifukwa ndizofala komanso zotsika mtengo interconnect technology amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani. Aliyense mgwirizano ziyenera kukhala zangwiro. A chimodzi choipa mgwirizano mu chipangizo chokhala ndi mazana kapena masauzande a ma bond mawaya zingapangitse kuti chigawo chonsecho chilephereke. Mgwirizano uwu uyenera kukhala wabwino kwambiri magetsi conductivity Kutumiza ma siginecha popanda kutayika komanso kukhala olimba mwamakina kuti apirire kutentha, kugwedezeka, ndi kupsinjika kwakuthupi kwazaka zambiri. Kudalirika kwa chilichonse kuyambira pa foni yam'manja kupita kuchitetezo chagalimoto kumatengera kukhulupirika kwa ma microscopic awa waya kugwirizana.
Aliyense waya chomangira ndi ntchito yaying'ono ya engineering. A kwambiri waya woonda, nthawi zambiri ndi a awiri laling'ono kuposa tsitsi la munthu (lomwe limayeza micrometers), imalumikizidwa ndendende ndi malo enaake pa chip chotchedwa a bond pansi. Wina mgwirizano imapangidwa ku leadframe kapena gawo lapansi, kumaliza dera. Njirayi imapanga malo okhazikika, olimba weld, kuonetsetsa kugwirizana kolimba komanso kodalirika. Uku si njira yosavuta yolumikizira; ndizitsulo zenizeni mgwirizano pa mlingo wa atomiki.
Kodi Njira Yopangira Mawaya Imapangira Bwanji Kulumikizana Kwamagetsi Kodalirika?
The njira yolumikizira waya ndi njira yodzipangira yokha yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza mphamvu, kutentha, ndi ultrasonic mphamvu kulenga wamphamvu mgwirizano. Cholinga ndikulowa nawo waya ku ku bond pansi popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakunja ngati solder. Pali makiyi ochepa njira zolumikizirana, koma chofala kwambiri ndi mgwirizano wa thermosonic. Njira iyi ndi kuvina kosakhwima kwa physics ndi makanika.
Tiyeni tiwononge ndondomeko masitepe. Choyamba, ndi semiconductor Chip amaikidwa pa mkangano siteji, kubweretsa izo kwa kutentha kwapamwamba (nthawi zambiri 100-300 ° C). Kutentha kumeneku kumathandizira kufewetsa zitsulo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kupanga mgwirizano. The kugwirizana kwa waya makina ndiye amatenga mapeto a waya ndikuchikankhira pa aluminiyumu bond pansi pa silicon chip. Pamene kupanikizika kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, makinawo amayambitsa ma frequency apamwamba ultrasonic mphamvu. Kugwedezeka uku kumachita ngati burashi ya microscopic scrub, kuchotsa ma oxides ndi zonyansa kuchokera pamwamba pa zonse ziwiri. waya ndi pad.
Kuphatikiza uku kutentha ndi akupanga kugwedezeka kumayambitsa ma atomu a waya ndi bond pansi kusakaniza ndi kufalitsa, kupanga cholimba, cholumikizana weld. Izi zimatchedwa kuti mgwirizano woyamba. Kenako makinawo amadumphira waya ku malo ogwirizana pa gawo lapansi ndipo imagwira ntchito yofananira kupanga fayilo ya mgwirizano wachiwiri. Zotsatira zake zimakhala zopanda msoko kulumikizana yomwe imagwira ntchito bwino pamagetsi komanso imamveka bwino. Ntchito yonse kwa amodzi waya zimachitika mu kachigawo kakang'ono ka sekondi, kulola makina amakono kuyika zikwi ma bond mawaya pamphindi.
Kodi Kusiyana Kwakukulu Pakati pa Njira Za Ball Bond ndi Wedge Bond Ndi Chiyani?
Ngakhale kuti cholinga ndi chimodzimodzi, ziwiri zikuluzikulu njira zolumikizirana—mgwirizano wa mpira ndi mgwirizano wa wedge- pindulani m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Kusankha pakati pawo kumadalira ntchito, ndi mtundu wa waya zogwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kapangidwe kake Integrated dera.
A mgwirizano wa mpira, monga dzina likunenera, amayamba kupanga kampira kakang'ono pa mapeto a waya. Izi zimachitika ndi kusungunula nsonga ya waya ndi mphamvu yamagetsi. Chitsulo chosungunuka ichi, makamaka waya wagolide kapena waya wamkuwa, imapanga malo abwino kwambiri chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwa pamwamba. Izi zimatchedwa "mpira wopanda mpweya." Kenako makina amakanikiza izi mpira wagolide ku bond pansi ndi mphamvu ndi ultrasonic mphamvu kupanga a mgwirizano woyamba. Ubwino waukulu wa a mgwirizano wa mpira liwiro lake ndi chakuti waya ikhoza kuyendetsedwa mbali iliyonse kuchokera ku mgwirizano.
A mgwirizano wa wedge, kumbali ina, sagwiritsa ntchito mpira. M'malo mwake, imagwiritsa ntchito chida chowoneka ngati mphero kusindikiza waya direct ku bond pansi. Akupanga mphamvu kenako amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apange stitch-ngati mgwirizano. Izi akubwerezedwa kwa mgwirizano wachiwiri. Mgwirizano wa Wedgeing amachitidwa kawirikawiri ndi waya wa aluminiyamu koma angagwiritsidwenso ntchito golide ndi mkuwa. Ubwino wake waukulu ndikuti umapanga mawonekedwe otsika mgwirizano, zomwe ndi zabwino kwambiri kwa mapulogalamu omwe malo oima ndi ochepa. Imayamikiridwanso pamapulogalamu omveka bwino pomwe ma mgwirizano mapepala ali pafupi kwambiri. Komabe, a mgwirizano wa wedge nthawi zambiri ndi pang'onopang'ono kuposa a mgwirizano wa mpira.
Kodi Mungafotokoze Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Waya Wogwiritsidwa Ntchito Pomangirira?
The waya wogwiritsidwa ntchito pakuti kugwirizana sikuli konse waya wachitsulo; ndi zinthu zopangidwa kwambiri zokhala ndi zinthu zinazake. Zida zitatu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi golide, mkuwa, ndi aluminiyamu. The chingwe cholumikizira chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apange mgwirizano wokhazikika komanso wodalirika, kotero kuti zolemba zake ndizofunikira kwambiri.
- Waya Wagolide (Au): Kwa nthawi yayitali, waya wagolide anali muyeso wamakampani. Ndizovuta kwambiri dzimbiri ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni, kupangitsa kukhala kosavuta kupanga zomangira zapamwamba. Kufewa kwake ndi ductility ndi abwino kwa wosakhwima njira yolumikizira waya. Waya wagolide ndizofala kwambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwirizana mpira. Choyipa chake chachikulu ndichokwera mtengo wa golidi.
- Waya wa Copper (Cu): Waya wamkuwa yakhala yotchuka kwambiri m'malo mwa golide chifukwa ndi yotsika mtengo komanso yopambana magetsi conductivity. Komabe, mkuwa ndi wovuta kuposa golide ndipo umatulutsa okosijeni mosavuta. Izi zimapangitsa kuti kugwirizana kumafuna njira yoyendetsedwa bwino, nthawi zambiri mumlengalenga wa nayitrogeni, kuteteza okosijeni komwe kungafooketse mgwirizano. Timapereka chiyero chapamwamba waya wamkuwa zakonzedwa kuti zithetse mavutowa. Kuonjezera katundu wake, waya wamkuwa nthawi zambiri amamwa mowa pang'ono aloyi monga palladium (palladium yokutidwa mkuwa).
- Waya wa Aluminium (Al): Aluminium waya, nthawi zambiri a aloyi ndi zochepa za silicon, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mgwirizano wa wedgendi. Ndizofewa kwambiri komanso zotsika mtengo. Ndi zinthu kusankha kwa mkulu-mphamvu zipangizo, kumene yaikulu waya awiri imafunika kunyamula zambiri zamakono. Popeza ambiri mgwirizano pad pa semiconductor amapangidwanso ndi aluminiyamu, pogwiritsa ntchito waya wa aluminiyamu imapanga dongosolo la mono-metallic, lomwe limalepheretsa mapangidwe a brittle mankhwala intermetallics zomwe zitha kuchitika pakati golide ndi aluminiyamu, kupita ku kulephera kwa ma bond.
Kodi Ultrasonic Energy Imagwira Ntchito Yanji mu Njira Zamakono Zomangirira?
Akupanga mphamvu ndi chinthu chobisika chomwe chimapanga zamakono kugwirizana kwa waya zothandiza komanso zodalirika. Zimalola kuti amphamvu weld kupangidwa pa kutentha kochepa kwambiri kuposa momwe kukadafunikira, njira yotchedwa ultrasonic mgwirizano. Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa kutentha kumatha kuwononga tcheru semiconductor chipangizo.
Umu ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito: Pa nthawi ya kupanga ma bond, chida chimagwedezeka waya motsutsana ndi bond pansi pafupipafupi akupanga (nthawi zambiri 60-120 kHz). Kusuntha kofulumira kumeneku kumachita zinthu zingapo zofunika. Choyamba, zimagwira ntchito yoyeretsa mwamphamvu, kuswa ndikuchotsa zigawo zoonda za oxides kapena zonyansa pazitsulo. Simungathe kupanga chabwino mgwirizano kupyolera mu dothi losanjikiza, ndipo pamlingo wa microscopic, okosijeni ndi chimodzimodzi.
Chachiwiri, mphamvu yothamanga imapanga kutentha komweko ndi kusinthika kwa pulasitiki pa mawonekedwe. Izi zimafewetsa zitsulo zazitsulo, zomwe zimawathandiza kuumba pamodzi mwangwiro. The kuthamanga ndi ultrasonic kugwedezeka kumabweretsa ma atomu a waya ndi bond pansi mu kukhudzana kwambiri kotero kuti amagawana ma elekitironi ndi kupanga metallurgical weniweni mgwirizano. Popanda ultrasonic mphamvu, mungafunike kutentha kwambiri ndi mphamvu (mgwirizano wa thermocompression), zomwe zitha kusokoneza zolimba silicon kufa pansi pa bond pansi. Kugwiritsa ntchito izi ultrasonic mphamvu ndi pakati pa mgwirizano wa thermosonic ndondomeko.
Chifukwa Chiyani Waya Wagolide Amakonda Kwambiri Pamawaya Apamwamba Apamwamba?
Waya wagolide Kwa nthawi yayitali wakhala muyeso wagolide (pun wofuna) wodalirika kwambiri ma bond mawaya. Kutchuka kwake kumachokera ku kuphatikiza kwapadera kwa mankhwala ndi zinthu zakuthupi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenerera bwino malo ofunikira a Integrated dera.
Ubwino wofunikira kwambiri wa waya wagolide ndi inertness ake mankhwala. Imalimbana kwambiri ndi okosijeni komanso dzimbiri. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa malo oyera, opanda oxide ndi ofunikira kuti pakhale malo olimba, osasunthika. mgwirizano. Ngakhale zitsulo zina zimapanga zigawo zoteteza oxide pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo mumlengalenga, golidi amakhalabe wamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kulumikiza waya wagolide ndondomeko yokhululuka kwambiri komanso yobwerezabwereza. Kukhazikika kwachilengedwe kumeneku kumabweretsa zokolola zambiri komanso magwiridwe antchito anthawi yayitali.
Komanso, waya wagolide ndi ductile kwambiri komanso osasinthika. Izi zikutanthauza kuti akhoza kukokedwa mu kwambiri waya woonda ndi zogwirizana awiri ndipo akhoza kupangidwa mosavuta pa nthawi ya mgwirizano wa mpira ndi njira yokhotakhota popanda kuyimitsa ntchito kapena kuswa. Kufewa kumeneku kumathandizanso kuyamwa zina zamakina kupsinjika kumapangidwa ndi njira yolumikizirana, kuteteza zosalimba bond pansi ndi pansi silicon kuchokera kuwonongeka. Pamene mkulu mtengo wa golidi ndiye chinthu chachikulu, pakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri muzamlengalenga, zamankhwala, ndi zamagetsi zankhondo pomwe kulephera sikungatheke, kudalirika koperekedwa ndi waya wagolide kaŵirikaŵiri zimalungamitsa ndalamazo.
Kodi Waya Wamkuwa Amafananiza Bwanji ndi Waya Wachikhalidwe Monga Golide?
Waya wamkuwa ndiye wotsutsa wamkulu wa golide mu kugwirizana kwa waya dziko. Dalaivala wamkulu wa kukhazikitsidwa kwake ndi mtengo-mkuwa ndi wotsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa golide. Komabe, kusintha kuchokera waya wagolide ku waya wamkuwa sikungosinthanitsa zinthu; zimafuna kusintha kwakukulu kwa njira zolumikizirana chifukwa cha katundu wosiyanasiyana wa zipangizo.
Kuchokera pamawonekedwe a magwiridwe antchito, waya wamkuwa ndi wopambana. Ili ndi apamwamba magetsi conductivity ndi matenthedwe matenthedwe kuposa golide, kupangitsa kuti ikhale yabwino kwambiri pazida zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri kapena zimatentha kwambiri. Ilinso ndi zida zabwino zamakina, zomwe zimatsogolera kumphamvu mphamvu zomangira ndi kukana waya kusesa panthawi yopangira pulasitiki. Komabe, mkuwa umabwera ndi zovuta zake. Choyipa chake chachikulu ndi chake kuuma ndi kutengeka ndi dzimbiri.
Pakuti mkuwa ndi wolimba kuposa golidi kugwirizana magawo, monga mphamvu ndi akupanga mphamvu, iyenera kuyendetsedwa mosamala kuti isawonongeke bond pansi. Chinthu chachikulu ndi oxidation. Copper imatulutsa okosijeni mwachangu, ndipo wosanjikiza wa oxide uyu amatha kuteteza zabwino mgwirizano kuyambira kupanga. Kulimbana ndi izi, mkuwa kugwirizana kwa waya Nthawi zambiri zimachitika pamalo opanda mpweya wa nayitrogeni. Kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yake yolumikizana komanso kukana makutidwe ndi okosijeni, mkuwa waya nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi zinthu monga palladium. Izi palladium- yokutidwa waya wamkuwa chakhala chisankho chodziwika bwino, chopereka mtengo wabwino, magwiridwe antchito, ndi kuthekera.
Ndi Zovuta Zotani Zomwe Zimakhalapo Mukapanga Chomangira ndi Waya wa Aluminium?
Aluminium waya ndiye kavalo wogwira ntchito semiconductor makampani. Ndi abwino kwa mgwirizano wa wedgepazifukwa zofunika kwambiri waya awiri kugwira apamwamba-panopa. Komabe, ntchito ndi waya wa aluminiyamu imapereka zovuta zingapo zomwe mainjiniya ayenera kuthana nazo.
Vuto lalikulu ndi waya wa aluminiyamu ndi kufewa kwake. Ngakhale izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta mgwirizano popanda kuwononga chip, kumatanthauzanso waya imakhudzidwa ndi zovuta zamakina. Mwachitsanzo, waya wa aluminiyamu ali ndi mphamvu yotsika kwambiri kuposa golide kapena mkuwa, choncho chisamaliro chiyenera kutengedwa panthawi yokhotakhota kuti zisawonongeke. Komanso, ndi sachedwa otsika mkombero kutopa. Chidacho chikatenthetsa ndikuzizira, zida zake zimakula ndikuchepera. Chifukwa waya wa aluminiyamu ali ndi zosiyana coefficient of matenthedwe kukula kuposa zipangizo zina mu phukusi, kupalasa izi kungayambitse nkhawa pa chidendene cha mgwirizano, m'kupita kwanthawi kumabweretsa kusweka kapena kulephera.
Kulingalira kwina ndiko waya wa aluminiyamu pafupifupi amagwiritsidwa ntchito basi mgwirizano wa wedgendi. Sizingapangidwe mosavuta kukhala a mpira wopanda mpweya monga golide kapena mkuwa, zomwe zimalepheretsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake mwachangu mgwirizano wa mpirandondomeko. Ngakhale zovuta izi, mtengo wake wotsika komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri pamakina achitsulo (aluminium waya pa aluminiyamu pads) kupanga chinthu chofunika kwambiri. Pa Dongxin, timapereka apamwamba waya woyera wa aluminiyamu ndi wamphamvu zida zolumikizira waya zolemetsa za aluminiyamu opangidwa makamaka kuti apange zomangira zodalirika pakufuna mapulogalamu amphamvu kwambiri.
Kodi Mungapewe Bwanji Kulephera Kwamba mu Wire Bond?
A analephera waya chomangira Zitha kukhala zoopsa pa chipangizo chamagetsi, kotero kupewa kulephera ndikofunikira kwambiri. Kulephera kumachitika pazifukwa zambiri, nthawi zambiri zokhudzana ndi kusawongolera bwino kugwirizana magawo, kuipitsidwa, kapena nkhani zakuthupi. Njira yokhazikika ndiyofunikira.
Chimodzi mwazofala zolephera modes ndi ofooka mgwirizano kapena "wopanda ndodo," kumene waya sichimamatira bwino ku bond pansi. Izi nthawi zambiri zimayamba chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa pad pamwamba kapena kusinthidwa molakwika kugwirizana magawo. Kuwonetsetsa kuti malo onse ali aukhondo komanso kukhathamiritsa mwaluso mphamvu yama bond, ultrasonic mphamvu, ndi kutentha kwa enieni zipangizo komanso ndiye mzere woyamba wa chitetezo. Kukhazikika kwanthawi zonse kwa kugwirizana kwa waya makina ndi zofunikanso.
Chinthu chinanso chodziwika bwino ndi "cratering," kumene kupanikizika ndi mphamvu za mgwirizanowu zimasokoneza silicon kapena zigawo za oxide pansi pa bond pansi. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala chifukwa cha mphamvu zambiri kapena ultrasonic mphamvu. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kugwirizana chida ndi ndondomeko yoyendetsedwa bwino ingalepheretse kuwonongeka kumeneku. Pomaliza, kulephera kwa ma bond zitha kuchitika pakapita nthawi chifukwa cha mapangidwe a brittle mankhwala intermetallics, makamaka pakati golide ndi aluminiyamu ku a kutentha kwapamwamba. Kusankha zinthu zosakaniza zoyenera, monga waya wa aluminiyamu pazitsulo za aluminiyamu kapena kugwiritsa ntchito chotchinga chitsulo pa bond pansi, akhoza kuchepetsa ngozi zodalirika za nthawi yaitali.
Kodi Pali Kusiyana Kotani Pakati pa Wire Bonding ndi Kugwiritsa Ntchito Solder Pakulumikiza?
Pamene onse kugwirizana kwa waya ndi solder amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulenga kugwirizana magetsi, ndi njira zosiyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasikelo osiyanasiyana komanso pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana mkati mwa a dera. Kumvetsetsa udindo wawo ndikofunikira pakuyamika msonkhano wamagetsi.
Solder ndi chitsulo aloyi yokhala ndi malo osungunuka otsika omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza zigawo zazikulu pamodzi, monga kulumikiza ndi Integrated dera paketi a PCB kapena kulumikiza resistor ndi electrode. Njirayi imaphatikizapo Kutenthetsa solder mpaka zitasungunuka, zimayenda pakati pa zigawozo, kenako zimazizira kuti zikhale zogwirizana. Solder ndiabwino kwambiri popanga ma bond amphamvu amakanika ndi magetsi pamlingo waukulu koma siwokwanira kuti kulumikizana kwapang'ono kofunikira mkati mwa semiconductor phukusi. Simungathe kugwiritsa ntchito solder kuti agwirizane ndi zazing'ono mgwirizano mapepala pa chip.
Kulumikiza waya, kumbali ina, ndi dziko lolimba kuwotcherera ndondomeko zopangidwira kwa micro-scale kulumikizanaion. Iwo amalenga mwachindunji metallurgical mgwirizano mwa kwambiri waya woonda ndi chip bond pansi popanda chodzaza chodzaza ndi zinthu ngati solder. Kulumikiza waya imapereka kulondola kwapamwamba kwambiri ndi kachulukidwe, kulola kuti mazana kapena masauzande olumikizana apangidwe m'dera laling'ono kwambiri. Mwachidule, waya chomangiraing amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza chizindikiro kunja za silicon kufa, pamene solder Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikiza ufa wopakidwa ndi ena onse dera. Ndiwo matekinoloje awiri othandizira omwe amagwirira ntchito limodzi kupanga zida zamagetsi zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse.
Zofunika Kwambiri
- Wire Bond ndiyofunikira: Mabondi mawaya ndi misewu yayikulu yamagetsi yofunikira yomwe imalumikiza chipangizo cha semiconductor kudziko lakunja, kupangitsa kuti dera lonse lizigwira ntchito.
- Njira ndiyofunikira: Zamakono njira zolumikizirana monga mgwirizano wa thermosonic gwiritsani ntchito kuphatikiza kolondola kwa kutentha, mphamvu, ndi ultrasonic mphamvu kulenga amphamvu, odalirika zitsulo weld.
- Mpira vs. Wedge: Mpira wogwirizanaing ndi yachangu komanso yosinthika, nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito golide kapena mkuwa, pomwe mgwirizano wa wedgeing imapereka kulondola kwapamwamba pakugwiritsa ntchito bwino, nthawi zambiri ndi aluminiyamu waya.
- Zofunika: Kusankha pakati waya wagolide, waya wamkuwa,ndi waya wa aluminiyamu ndi lingaliro lofunikira laumisiri lotengera mtengo, magwiridwe antchito, ndi zofunikira zodalirika.
- Pewani Zolephera Mwachangu: Kupewa kulephera kwa ma bond amafuna okhwima ndondomeko kulamulira, zipangizo woyera, ndi molondola wokometsedwa kugwirizana magawo kupewa zomangira zofooka kapena kuwonongeka kwa chip.
- Osafanana ndi Solder: Kulumikiza waya ndi njira yaying'ono yolimba yowotcherera ya chip-level kulumikizana, pamene solder ndi njira yayikulu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza zigawo zazikulu ku a PCB.
