Loluphi uhlobo lwebhondi yekhemikhali olufunyenwe kwi-wored wire: i-dive enzulu kwi-metallic bond

Njengomvelisi wezinto eziphezulu zokuchaneka kwe-semiconductor kunye namashishini e-elektroniki, iqabane lam kunye nam kwiTekhnoloji ye-elektroniki e-Dongxin rhoqo ngokuzibandakanya kwiinjineli ezifana ne-marcus eJamani okanye ezikhokelayo eJapan. Ababuzi nje malunga neenkcazo zemveliso; Bafuna ukuqonda isayensi esisiseko esenza ukuba icandelo lithembeke. Umbuzo oqhelekileyo kangaka kodwa onamandla ophakama malunga nobume bezinto esizisebenzisayo mihla le, njenge ubhedu. Ukuqonda i Uhlobo lweBond ukubamba iiatom ze-copper Sisonke ayisiyo yokuziqhelanisa kuphela-yiqhosha lokuvula kutheni ubhedu ngumqolo we-elektroniki yanamhlanje. Eli nqaku liza kuyamkela Ibhombu yekhemikhali ngaphakathi ubhedu, Ukuhamba ngaphaya kweenkcazo ezilula ukuchaza ukuba imeko yayo ye-atomic eyahlukileyo ichaza ukuba ichaza ukuba iinjineli zenjineli zixhomekeke njani ekwenzeni i-elektroniki ukusebenza kwe-elektroniki.

Yintoni ibhominyi, ngokusisiseko?

Kwinkangeleko yayo, a Ibhombu yekhemikhali Ngaba umtsalane osisigxina phakathi kweeathom, ii-ion, okanye iimolekyuli ezenza ukuba kubekho imichiza yamachiza. Yicinge njengoko amandla asisiseko abambana. Yonke iatom iqulathe i-mught, ihlawulwe kakuhle i-nucleus ijikelezwe lilifu lee-elektroniki ezihlawuliswayo. Kukuziphatha kwezi zixhobo zangaphandle, ezaziwa ngokuba I-Elebyence Electronis, oko kuthetha ubume be-boing. Injongo ngayo nayiphi na iatom Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwibhondi kukufezekisa imeko ethe tye ngakumbi, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuzalisa i-AT i-elektroni I-Shell.

Olu nzo luzinzo lufumaneka ngokwabelana, ukunikela, okanye ukufumana i i-elektroni (okanye ii-elektroni ezininzi) phakathi kweeathom. Indlela ethile esetyenzisiweyo ichaza i Uhlobo lweBond ezo fom. Isiphumo amandla omtsalane Ayisiyo glue yomzimba kodwa amandla e-elektrostatic - umtsalane phakathi kweendleko ezintle nezingalunganga. Ukuqonda le nto linyathelo lokuqala lokuqonda indlela ekhethekileyo a intsimbi njenge ubhedu Lungelelanisa ii-atom zayo ezininzi zezinto eziqinileyo, ezisebenzayo. Lonke ilungiselelo le-electrons yinto enika inqaku lezinto ezahlukileyo.

Ngaba zikhona iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamaqhina ekhemikhali?

Ewe, ngelixa kukho iimvakalelo ezininzi, oosochwephesha ngokubanzi bahlulahlula amaqhina emichiza kumanqanaba amathathu aphambili. Uhlobo ngalunye limela isicwangciso esahlukileyo apho i-athom isetyenziselwa ukuzinza i-elektroni Ukucwangcisa. Ukuqonda ezi Iindidi zeebhondi zekhemikhali ibalulekile ukuqonda ukuba kutheni ubhedu ixhomekeke kuhlobo olunye oluthile.

1. I-Ionic Bond: Oku Uhlobo lweBond Ngokwesiqhelo yenzeka phakathi kwe intsimbi kunye nentsimbi iatom. Kwi I-Ionic Bond, i-electrons enye okanye ezingaphezulu idluliselwe ngokupheleleyo kwi intsimbi iatom kwi-non-nensinga iatom. Olu tshintsho ludala ezimbini I-Ion: i-cation ebizelweyo (i intsimbi ilahlekile i-elektroni) kunye ne-anaion engalunganga (i-non-nentsimbi efunyenwe i-elektroni). Umtsalane owomeleleyo phakathi kwezi I-ion Yenza iifom. Umzekelo weklasi itafile yetafile (I-NACL).

2. I-Bold Bond: Ezi bhokisi ze-Botom xa iiathom ezimbini zihlala zingenasinyithi-zabelana nge-elektroni okanye ngaphezulu kwee-elektroni. Endaweni yokudluliselwa, i I-Electrons ekwabelanayo jikeleza i-nuclei yazo zombini iiatom, zibabambe kunye. A Izabelo zeAtom I-elektroni ukugqiba iqokobhe langaphandle. Oku kunokuba ngumgangatho I-Bold Bond okanye a I-Polar Hox, apho ii-elektroni zabelwe ukungalingani ngenxa yomahluko kwi electronegativic. Amanzi (h₂o) ngumzekelo ophambili wemolekyuli ohlanganiswe kunye i-Covaled Iibhondi.

3. I-Metallic Bond: Le yi Uhlobo lweBond ifunyenwe kwizinyithi kunye nealloys, kubandakanya ubhedu. Yindlela eyahlukileyo yokuqhekeka echaza iipropathi zophawu lweentsimbi. Ngokungafaniyo ionic okanye i-Covaled iiBonds, i I-Bound ibandakanya Ukwabelana ngokudibeneyo kwee-elektroni ngaphaya kwe-fattice enkulu yeatom, esiya kuphanda ngeenkcukacha ezingaphezulu kakhulu.

Kutheni le nto i-bopper ingabanjwa kunye ne-ionic okanye i-conds ebodwa?

Inikwe eyona nto iphambili Iindidi ze, kusengqiqweni ukubuza ukuba kutheni ubhedu ayibumba ionic okanye i-Covaled I-Bondy ngokwayo. Impendulo ilele kubume be ubhedu iatom kunye nee-elektroni zayo. A I-Ionic Bond ikhutshiwe kwangoko kuba ifuna ukuhanjiswa kwe i-elektroni Phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zeathom-enika i-elektroni (a intsimbi) Kwaye enye yamkela lula (into engeyiyo). Kwisiqwengana sonyulu ucingo lobhedu, yonke iathom iyafana ubhedu iiathom. Akukho ntsimbi iatom ngoku ukwamkela i i-elektroni, ke hayi I-Ionic Bond inokwenziwa.

A I-Bold Bond ayiyonto inokwenzeka ye ubhedu. A I-Bold Bond ifuna iiatom zokwabelana ngee-elektroniki ukuba zenze i-Fite, iibhondi zendlela. A ubhedu iatom inenye kuphela I-Elebyence Electroni Kodwa ijikelezwe yi-12 ukuya kwi-12 ubhedu iiatom kwisimo sayo sekristali. Ayinawo ii-elektroniki zaneleyo zokwenza amandla I-Bold Bond Ngamnye wabamelwane bayo. Ukuzama ukwenza oko kuya kubangela isakhiwo esingazinzanga kwaye sibuthathaka. Uhlobo lwe intsimbi iatom kukuphulukana ne-valence yayo i-elektroni ngokulula, hayi ukuba babelane ngengqolowa. Olu phawu lwendalo lwenza i-Covaled Imodeli ayifanelekanga ukuba ichaze isakhiwo esomeleleyo, esizinzileyo sokuqina ubhedu.

Isebenza njani inyibiliki kwi-atom yobhedu?

I Ibhombu yekhemikhali oko kunika ubhedu Ipropathi yayo emangalisayo yiyo I-Metallic Bond. Le modeli ichazwe kakuhle njengolungelelwaniso lwe I-ion yentsimbi ebizelwe Ithatyathwe kwipateni emiselweyo, ephindaphindayo (i-crystal lagece) kwaye ijikelezwe ngu "waselwandle" lwee-elektroniki zeselula. Kwisiqwenga esiqinileyo se ubhedu, nganye ubhedu iatom Igalelo kakhulu i-elektroni kolu lulwandle luhlangeneyo. Ezi zombane azisahambelani nakweyiphi na enye iatom; Endaweni yoko, baba ihlawulwe.

Le "Ulwandle lwe-elektroni" Ngaba ilitye lebala le I-Metallic Bond. I I-Electrons ezichaziweyo zilungile ngokupheleleyo Isimahla yokuhamba kuyo yonke iqhekeza le intsimbi. I I-Metallic Bond ngokwayo i-electrostatic amandla omtsalane phakathi kwe-lattce ye I-ions elungileyo ( ubhedu ii-atom ngaphandle kwe-elektroni zabo ze-valence elect) kunye neselula, ihlawulisiwe kakubi ulwandle lwe I-Electrons ezichaziweyo. Lo ayisiyo iqhekeza phakathi kweeatom ezimbini kodwa umtsalane wabahlali obambe indawo yonke ye-metallic kunye namandla amakhulu. Eli lungiselelo likhethekileyo linoxanduva lwayo yonke loo nto Iipropathi zeentsimbi.

Yeyiphi indima edlalayo i-Electrons idlala kwi-metric ye-metric?

I I-Elebyence Electroni yinkwenkwezi yomdlalo xa kuziwa kwi I-Metallic Bond. I-Eleclence Electrons zii-elektroni kwi-sholl engaphandle ye iatom, kwaye ngabo bathatha inxaxheba kwikhephu lemichiza. Ye ubhedu iatom, Ugcino lwe-elektroni yi [i-ARRO] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹ 4s¹. Enye i-elektroni kwi-4s Orbital yiyo I-Elebyence Electroni. Le i-elektroni Ingade kude i-nucleus kwaye ayibanjwanga kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, inokuthathwa ngokulula kulwandle oluhlanganisiweyo. "

Xa inani elikhulu le iiatom ze-copper yiza kunye ukuba wenze isiseko, nganye iatom ikhuphe i-4s yayo I-Elebyence Electroni. Yintoni eshiyekileyo i ihlawulwe kakuhle ubhedu ion (Cu⁺) ngesita Orbital. Ezi I-ions elungileyo zilungiselele kwi-crystalline ye-crystalline. I-elektroniki ezinikezelweyo ngoku iyaziwa ngokuba Ii-elektroniki ezichaziweyo kwaye bakhululekile ukuba bazuze kuyo yonke le mpahla. Umtsalane owomeleleyo phakathi kwenani elikhulu le I-nuclei elungileyo kwi-lattce kunye nenani elikhulu le-elektroniki ze-elektroni ze-elektroni zenza abanamandla, ngaphandle kwento I-Metallic Bond.

Ngaba olu phawu lwongalisayo luchaza njani ukuqhubela phambili kombane okuphezulu?

Okhethekileyo ukuqhubela phambili ye ubhedu sisiphumo ngqo saso I-Metallic Bond. Kwizixhobo kunye ionic okanye i-Covaled Iibhondi, ii-elektroniki zibanjwa ngokuqinileyo ngokuthi ngqo ion okanye itshixiwe kwisabelo Orbital phakathi kweeathom ezimbini. Abakhululekanga ukuba bahambe. Ngaphakathi ubhedu, nangona kunjalo, Ulwandle lwe-elektroniki ihlala ihamba ngentshukumo engaqhelekanga. Xa i Ibala lombane ifakwe kwi-A ucingo lobhedu-Kwimeko, ngokudibanisa kwibhetri-amandla anemikhombandlela akhutshwa kwezi Isimahla yokuhamba electroni.

I I-elektroniki zasimahla Ngokukhawuleza qalisa ukubaleka kwindawo emanyeneyo, ukusuka kwisiphelo sendlela engeyiyo kwi-terminal elungileyo. Oku kurhatyatha okukhutshelwayo yile nto siyibiza yombane. Kuba zininzi kakhulu I-Electrons ezichaziweyo Iyafumaneka ukuthwala ityala kwaye banokuhamba ngokuchasene nokuncinci kakhulu, ubhedu Imiboniso Ukuqhutywa kombane. Umgaqo ofanayo usebenza kwi-thermal ukuqhubela phambili; Ii-elektroni zeselfowuni zinokutshintshela ngokukhawuleza amandla e-kinetic (ubushushu) ukusuka kwinxalenye enye ye intsimbi kwenye. Kungenxa yoko le nto ubhedu isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizicelo zombane, ukusuka kwi-wiring yekhaya ukuya kwi-intricotects ngaphakathi kwe I-Semiconductor chip. Yenye yezizathu eziphambili ekugxilwe kuzo kufundo lwezixhobo ezifana ne I-chemistristry fastretexts.

Kutheni ubhedu lungafanelekanga kwaye lungafanelekanga? Isifundo kwibhomple yekhemikhali.

Ngaphaya ukuqhubela phambili, ezinye izinto ezimbini zokutyikitya ze ubhedu ziyo ukungakhathali (amandla okubanjwa ngamashiti amancinci) kwaye ubomi (amandla okutsalwa kwiingcingo). Zombini Ukungabinamali kunye ne-tendelity nazo zichaziwe ngohlobo lwe I-Metallic Bond. Kwi-crystalline eqinile nge ionic Iibhondi, njengetyuwa, isebenzisa amandla aqinileyo anokutshintsha amalungu e-ion. Olu tshintsho lunokuzisa ii-ions ngentlawulo efanayo ecaleni kwelinye, ebangela ukuziphindezela okuqinileyo okuhlutha ikristale. Umxholo yiBrittle. Ngokufanayo, i-Covaled Ii-solid zenethiwekhi zingqongqo kwaye ziya kuqhekeza kunokuba zigobe.

Kwi intsimbi njenge ubhedu, imeko yahluke ngokupheleleyo. Xa amandla asetyenziswa, ungqimba olunye ubhedu I-ion inokuthi ihambe ngaphezulu kwenye ngaphandle kokophula umxholo. I Ulwandle lwe-elektroniki ngulwelo kwaye luhlengahlengise kwangoko kwilungiselelo elitsha le I-ions elungileyo, ukugcina umtsalane wokuthambeka kwe-electrostatic. I I-Metallic Bond ayihambelani; Ayinamsebenzi apho i-Ions ihambelana khona enye, lo gama nje zintywiliselwa kuLwandle lwe-Electroni. Le nxalenye ikhethekileyo ivumela iinyibiba ukuba ichaphazele ngaphandle kokuqhekezwa, ipropathi ebaluleke kakhulu kwiinkqubo zemveliso ezisebenzisa izixhobo I-wire ecocekileyo ye-aluminium ukuqhubela phambili izicelo.

Itheyibhile yexesha elibonisa njani indlela yokuziphatha kobhedu?

I Itheyibhile yexesha sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuqinisa indlela yokuziphatha yamachiza. Ubhedu (Cu) Ihlala kwiqela le-11 kwaye ihlelwe njengenguqu intsimbi. Izinto ezihlelwe njengezinyithi ngokubanzi zinotyekelo lokuphulukana nee-elektroni kunokuba zizuze, eyona nto iyimfuneko kuyo IFomu ye-metric Bonds. Izinyithi zifumaneka kwicala lasekhohlo kwaye embindini we Itheyibhile yexesha. Ezi zinto ziqhele ukuba zimbalwa I-Elebyence ElectroniI-SUDSINS IAmandla ye-Ionistion, imeme into encinci kufuneka isuse I-Elecright.

Oku kubeka ekugqibeleni kubaluleke kakhulu ubhedu ayizukwenza i-Covaled Iibhondi (ezinokuthi zifune ukufunyanwa okanye ukwabelana ngee-elektroni ezininzi ukufezekisa i-octet epheleleyo) okanye ionic I-Bondy ngokwayo. Endaweni yoko, utyekelo lwayo lokuyeka ukuya kwi-4s enye I-Elebyence Electroni yenza ukuba ibe ngumgqatswa ofanelekileyo I-Fonding ye-Metic. Iipropathi zazo zonke izinto kwiqela layo, kubandakanya nesilivere (AG) negolide (AU), ilawulwa ngu I-Metallic Bond, ekhokelela kwiimpawu zazo ezabelana ukuqhubela phambili, ukungakhathali, kwaye lusuke.

Zithini izinto ezisebenzayo kwi-semicondcuctor kunye nemveliso yebhetri?

Njengenjineli kunye noMvelisi, le apho ikhoyo ihlangane khona. Ukuqonda i I-Metallic Bond ngaphakathi ubhedu ibalulekile kubathengi bethu kwi I-Semiconductor, Ibhetri, kunye namashishini eCapacitor. Ukuthembeka kwemveliso yokugqibela kudla ngokuhla ukuya kumgangatho wonxibelelwano lwe-microscopic, elawulwa ziipropathi ze I-Metallic Bond.

Umzekelo, ngaphakathi I-Semiconductor Ukupakisha, ucingo lwe-Ultrasonic Wire yinkqubo ebalulekileyo. Senza izixhobo ezinje Isixhobo se-Wedge esiSebenzayo se-Aluminium Wire Wel ixhomekeke kwi ukungakhathali ye-aluminium okanye ucingo lobhedu ukwenza i-steld eqinileyo-rhulumente. I I-Metallic Bond ivumela ucingo ukuba lube neflethi kwaye luzenze uqhagamshelo lwegogo ngaphandle kokunyibilika. Ngapha koko, i-thermal ephezulu kwaye Ukuqhutywa kombane ye ubhedu ibalulekile ekwenzeni iindlela zonxibelelwano ezinokuthenjwa ezinokulawula ubushushu kunye namandla kwizixhobo eziphambili ezifana ne-Igbts. Eyomeleleyo I-Metallic Bond Kukwaphumela phezulu Indawo yokunyibilika, qinisekisala ezi nxibelelwano zihlala zizinzile nangaphantsi kobushushu obuphezulu. EDongxin, sinyusa olu lwazi kuMatshini bokuyila njengethu I-WS9820 I-ALMUMUM YOKUGQIBELA I-ALMUMUM WONI, elungiselelwe ukusebenza kunye nezinto ezisisiseko zentsimbi.

Ngaphandle kobhedu: I-stallic boing versing iyahluka njani kwezinye izinyithi?

Ngelixa I-Metallic Bond Imodeli iphela iphela Izinto zeMetallic, amandla kunye nesimilo seqhina sinokwahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwelinye intsimbi kwenye. Olu tshintsho luchaza uluhlu olubanzi lweepropathi esizibona kuzo kwiintsimbi ezahlukeneyo. Amandla e I-Metallic Bond ngokubanzi ixhomekeke kwizinto ezimbini eziphambili: isimangalo se intsimbi ion kwaye i Inani lee-elektroniki Iba negalelo kulwandle. "

Umzekelo, i-Aluminium (Al) ikwiqela le-13 kwaye inegalelo kwii-elektroni ezintathu ze-valence elektroni kwi-elektroni, zenza i-al³⁺ ion. Oku kukhokelela kwinqindi I-Metallic Bond kuthelekiswa ne ubhedu, enegalelo kuphela i-elektroni. Olu bukhulu olunamandla lunika ama-Aluminium egqwesileyo ngobunzima bayo. I-Tungsten (W), inguqu intsimbi, ingaba negalelo kwi-Eleancers ezintandathu, zenza amandla amaninzi I-Metallic Bond. Kungenxa yoko le nto i-tungsten inenye yeyona nto iphakamileyo iindawo zokunyibilika kuzo zonke izinyithi kwaye isetyenziswa kwizicelo zeqondo eliphezulu. EDongxin, ubuchule bethu bobuchwephesha bokwakha kunye nokuphatha ezi zixhobo zihlukileyo, nokuba kukwenza izixhobo ze-tungsten ye-tungsten okanye iinxalenye ze I-Mandrel yomatshini womoya weebhetri. Ukuqonda i-nues I-Metallic Bond Kwisivumela ngasinye kwinjineli yesisombululo esingcono kubaxumi bethu.

Iqhosha lezitshixo

Ukuqukumbela i-dive yethu enzulu kwi-Bound ye ubhedu, nantsi eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekufuneka uyikhumbule:

• Uhlobo lweBop: Iiatom ziqinile ubhedu zibanjwe kunye ngu I-Metallic Bond, hayi a ionic okanye I-Bold Bond.
• Imodeli "yemodeli ye-elektroniki": I I-Metallic Bond iqulathe i-lattid ye-rigid ye ihlawulwe kakuhle ubhedu i-ion ejikelezwe yi-"yolwandle" ye I-Electrons ezichaziweyo.
• Indima ye-Eleclence Elecrons: Nganye ubhedu iatom Inegalelo langaphezulu kwayo I-Elebyence Electroni kolu lulwandle luhlangeneyo.
• Umthombo wePropathi eziphambili: Eyahlukileyo boleza Ulwakhiwo ngqo ucacisa eyona nto ixabisekileyo yobhedu:
  • Ukuqhutywa Phezulu: I Isimahla yokuhamba I-Electrons ezichaziweyo Thatha umbane kwaye ubushushu obunempumelelo ngakumbi.
  • Ukungabinali kunye nexesha: Iingqengqelo ze intsimbi I-ion inokutyibilikisa idlule omnye komnye ngaphandle kokuqhekeza iibhondi, ukuvumela ubhedu ukumiswa.
• Ukubaluleka kwezommiselo: Ukuqonda okunzulu kwe I-Metallic Bond ibalulekile kwiziphumo ezintsha kunye nolawulo lomgangatho kumashishini anje I-Semiconductor Ukwenza imveliso, apho ezi zixhobo zixhaphazwa mihla le ukwakha itekhnoloji yekamva.