He aha keʻano o keʻano o ke kemika i loaʻa ma ke kelepona keleawe

E like me ka mea hana i nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe no nāʻoihana semiconductor a me nāʻoihana uila e like me ka manikini uila e like me ka temcus ma Iapana. ʻAʻole lākou e nīnau e pili ana i nā kiko'ī o nā huahana; Makemake lākou e hoʻomaopopo i kaʻepekema waiwai kālā e hana ai i kahi kūpono. ʻO kahi nīnau no ka mea maʻamau e hiki mai ana e pili ana i keʻano maoli o nā mea hoʻohana a mākou e hoʻohana ai i kēlā me kēia lā, e like liulaala. ^. Maopopo i ka ʻano paʻa ka paʻaʻana Nā Kūlana Kūleʻa ʻaʻole i hui pū kekahi me kahi hana hoʻonaʻauao-ʻo ia ke kī e wehe ai i ke kumu liulaala ʻo ia ka hope o nā mea uila hou. E hōʻoleʻia kēiaʻatikala i ka Keʻena Chend i liulaala, e neʻe aku i nā wehewehe maʻalahi e wehewehe i ka hoʻolālāʻana o kona intique i hōʻike i nā waiwai e hiki ai i nā meaʻenehana kiʻekiʻe.

He aha ka mea e pono ai ke kumumanaʻo?

Ma kānaʻano, a Keʻena Chend ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hope loa ma waena o nā atom, i nā oʻe, a iʻole nā ​​molena, e hiki ai i keʻano o ka hoʻokumuʻana i nā mea kanu lāʻau. E noʻonoʻo e like me keʻano o ka ikaika kālā e paʻa pū ana. Iloko ʻātoma he meaʻino loa 'ākena hoʻopuniʻia e kahi ao o nā mea koho maikaʻiʻole. ʻO ia keʻano o kēia mau electrons i waho,ʻikeʻia Valence ElectronS, e hōʻike ana i keʻano o ke kauʻana. Ka pahuhopu no kekahi ʻātoma Ke komo nei i loko o kahi paʻa e hoʻokō ai i kahi kūlana paʻa hou, maʻamau ma ka hoʻopauʻana i kāna mea i waho eleddtron Shell.

Loaʻa kēia paʻa i ka kaʻana, hāʻawi, a loaʻa paha i kahi eleddtron (a iʻole nā ​​electrols ma waena o nā atoms. Ua hoʻohanaʻia keʻano kiko'ī i wehewehe i ka ʻano paʻa kēlā mauʻano. Ka hopena ikaika o ka hoihoi ʻaʻole ia he glue kino akā he ikaika electrostatic ʻO ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i kēia manaʻo ka hana mua e mahalo i ke ala kūʻokoʻa a mea meta Uā liulaala hoʻonohonoho i kāna mau atom i nā atom i hana ai i kahi mea paʻa, nā mea hana. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho holoʻokoʻa o nā electrons ka mea e hāʻawi ai i kahi mea i hāʻawiʻia.

Aia nāʻano likeʻole o nā mea e pono ai?

ʻAe,ʻoiai he nui o nā nusull, nā mea kanu maʻamau i kūkulu maʻamau i nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia i nā papaʻeluaʻekolu. Hōʻike kēlā me kēiaʻano i kahi hoʻolālā'ē aʻe e hoʻohana ai i nā atom e hoʻohana ai e hoʻopili i kā lākou eleddtron nā hoʻonohonoho. Maopopo i kēia mau mea nāʻano o nā mea kanu lāʻau he mea nui e hoʻopili ai i ke kumu liulaala e hilinaʻi i hoʻokahiʻano kiko'ī.

1. 'Ōpala-ʻoihana: Keia ʻano paʻa hele pinepine ma waena o mea meta a me kahi meaʻole ʻātoma. ^. I kahi 'Ōpala-ʻoihana, hoʻokahi aʻoi aku paha nā electrons i lawe pihaʻia mai ka mea meta ʻātoma i ka meaʻole-metala ʻātoma. ^. Hoʻokumu kēia hoʻololi iʻelua nā mea i koiʻia: kahi leka kūpono kūpono (ka mea meta ua nalowale eleddtron) a me kahi anionila maikaʻiʻole (me ka meaʻole-metal i loaʻa i kahi eleddtron). ʻO ka hoʻohui uila ikaika ma waena o kēia mau mea mea hoʻopiʻi hana i ka pilina. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau papa paʻakai (Nacl).

2. Kaohi:ʻO kēia mau palapala paʻa i ka wāʻelua o nā atoms-maʻamau maʻamau-metala-mika-likeʻole a iʻole nā ​​mea hou aʻe o nā electrons. Ma kahi o kahi hoʻololi, ka Nā electrons orbit the nuclei o nā atomsʻelua, e paʻa pū ana iā lākou. He mamo nei Hāʻawiʻo ATOM nā electrons e hoʻopau i konaʻili waho. Hiki i kēia ke lilo i kahi maʻamau kaohi a i ole Polar Covlent, kahi i māhele likeʻole ai nā electrons ma muli o nāʻokoʻa i loko ʻO ka Electronegatity. ^. Wai (H₂o) he kumu hoʻohālike o ka molena i hoʻopaʻaʻia e ʻAno nā mea paʻa.

3. Nā pilina metallic:ʻO kēia ka ʻano paʻa ua loaʻa ma nā metala a me nā alloys, komo pū liulaala. ^. Heʻanoʻanoʻokoʻa o ka hāʻawiʻana i nā mea e wehewehe ana i nāʻanoʻano o nā metala. Like me Ion Oole ʻAno BESS, KA Hoʻokomoʻia ʻO kahiʻano hōʻiliʻili o nā electrons ma waena o kahi laka o nā atom, a mākou eʻimi ai i nā kiko'ī nui loa.

No ke ahaʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻaʻia ai ke kaula keleawe e pili ana i ka inoa inoa a iʻole nā ​​mea paʻa?

Hāʻawiʻia i ka mea nui Nā Kula Hana, he loiloi ia e noi ai no ke aha liulaala ʻaʻole ia Ion Oole ʻAno pili me ia iho. ʻO ka pane e waiho i keʻano o ka liulaala ʻātoma a me kona mau eleele. He mamo nei 'Ōpala-ʻoihana ua hele koke ia no ka mea e pono ai ke koho i ka hoʻoiliʻana o kahi eleddtron ma waena oʻelua mauʻano likeʻole o nā atoms-hoʻokahi e hāʻawi i nā electrons (a mea meta) a me kahi mea e noi wikiwiki ai iā lākou (me ke kalaʻole). Ma kahi'āpana maʻemaʻe Nā Wili Kāleʻa, ua like nā mea a pau i nā atom liulaala nā atom. ʻAʻohe meaʻole-metala ʻātoma i kēia manawa eʻae i kahi eleddtron, No laila, aole 'Ōpala-ʻoihana hiki ke hana.

A kaohi ʻaʻole ia he koho kūpono no liulaala. ^. A kaohi koi i nā atoms e kaʻana i nā mea uila e hana i nā mea hoʻowahāwahā, ke kuhikuhiʻana i ke kuhikuhiʻana. A liulaala ʻātoma hoʻokahi wale nō Valence Electron akā ua hoʻopuniʻia e ka 12'ē aʻe liulaala nā atom i kānaʻano cristral. ʻAʻole lawa ia i nā electrons i waho e hana i kahi ikaika kaohi me kēlā me kēia mau hoalauna. Ka ho'āʻoʻana e hana pēlā e hopena ai i kahi kūlana maikaʻi loa a me ka palupalu. Ke ano o a mea meta ʻātoma e nalowale ana i kona palaualelo eleddtron maʻalahi,ʻaʻole e kaʻana like i loko o kahi paʻa, hoʻonohonohoʻia. ʻO kēiaʻano iʻikeʻoleʻia i ka ʻAno ʻO ke kumu kūponoʻole no ka weheweheʻana i ka hana ikaika liulaala.

Pehea e hana ai ka pilina metallic i loko o kahi papa keleawe?

'Ōlelo Keʻena Chend e hāʻawi ana liulaala ʻO kāna mau waiwai kupaianaha ka Nā pilina metallic. ^. ʻO kēia hoʻohālike e wehewehe maikaʻiʻia e like me kahi hoʻonohonoho o ʻO nā mea i hoʻopaʻaʻia Nohoʻia i kahi paʻa paʻa, hana houʻana i nā mea hana (kahi lattice crystal) a hoʻopuniʻia e ka "moana" o nā mea uila. I kahi'āpana paʻa o liulaala, o kela liulaala ʻātoma ua hāʻawi i kāna mea ma waho eleddtron i kēia kai kolamu. ʻAʻole pili kēia mau uila i nā mea hoʻokahi ʻātoma; Ma kahi, lilo lākou wehe ʻia.

ʻO kēia "kai o nā electrols" ʻo ia ka corsestone o ka Nā pilina metallic. ^. 'Ōlelo nā electrons delokalised pau loa noa e neʻe I nā'āpana āpau o mea meta. ^. 'Ōlelo Nā pilina metallic ʻo ia iho ka electrostatic ikaika o ka hoihoi ma waena o ka pattice o Nā Pono maikaʻi (ka liulaala nā atom me kaʻole o kā lākou mau uila uila) a me ke kelepona, hoʻopiʻi hewa Kai of nā electrons delokalised. ^. ʻAʻole kēia he pilina ma waena o nā atomʻelua a me nā mea hoʻokūkū ākea ākea e paʻa pū ana me ka ikaika metallic. ʻO kēia hoʻonohonoho kūʻokoʻa he kuleana no ka kokoke i nāʻano āpau nā waiwai o nā metala.

He aha ka hana e hana ai i nā uila uila e pili ana i nā ble eletallic o ke keleawe?

'Ōlelo Valence Electron ʻo ia ka hōkū o ka hōʻike i ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka Nā pilina metallic. ^. ʻO Valence Electrons ka poʻe Electrons ma ka Shell o waho o kahi ʻātoma, aʻo lākou ka mea e komo ai i nā beemika celling. No a liulaala ʻātoma, ka weheʻana o ka uila ma [AR] 3D¹⁰. Kahi eleddtron I nā 4s orbital kona Valence Electron. ^. ʻO kēia eleddtron he mamao loa mai ka 'ākena aʻaʻole paʻa loa. No laila, hiki ke maʻalahi ke hāʻawiʻia i ka waihoʻoluʻu "i ke kai". "

I ka helu nui o Nā Kūlana Kūleʻa E hele pū e hana i kahi paʻa, kēlā me kēia ʻātoma hoʻokuʻu i kāna 4s Valence Electron. ^. He aha ka mea i koe ma hope ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻiʻia liulaala AlohaWa (Cu⁺) me kahi paʻa, piha i 3D orbital. ^. HE MEA Nā Pono maikaʻi hoʻonohonoho iā lākou iho i loko o kahi mea i kauohaʻia i kauohaʻiaʻo Crystalline Lattine. The donated valence electrons are now known as delocalsed electroons a he manuahi e hele wāwae a puni i kēia lattine. ʻO ka mea ikaika electrostatic ma waena o ka helu o ka nuclei maikaʻi i ka latticice a me ka helu likeʻole o nā mea uila e pili ana i nā electrons constitutes i ka ikaika loa,ʻaʻole Nā pilina metallic.

Pehea e wehewehe ai i kēia mea hana kūʻokoʻa i ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka copper?

Ihana ke ola no liulaala he hopena pololei o kāna Nā pilina metallic. ^. I nā mea me Ion Oole ʻAno nā bonds, nā mea i hoʻopiliʻia e nā mea i paʻaʻia e kahi kiko'ī AlohaWa a iʻole i hoʻopaʻaʻia i loko o kahi kaʻa orbital ma waena oʻelua atoms. ʻAʻole lākou e neʻe. I liulaala, Eia nō naʻe, ka ke kai o nā electroons delocalized mau nō i ka neʻeʻana o ka neʻeʻana. Ia kahua uila e pili ana ma waena o Nā Wili Kāleʻa-ʻO ka laʻana, ma ka hoʻopiliʻana iā ia i kahi pā o ka pā uila noa e neʻe nā mea uila.

'Ōlelo elepu uila E hoʻomaka koke i ka drift ma kahi ala kūponoʻole, mai ka hopena maikaʻiʻole i ka hopena maikaʻi loa i ka pahu kūpono. ʻO kēia kauʻana i keʻano o ka mālamaʻana i ka mea a mākou e kapa ai i kahi mea uila i kēia manawa. No ka mea he nui nā mea nā electrons delokalised hoʻolako e lawe i ka uku a hiki iā lākou ke neʻe me ka pale liʻiliʻi loa, liulaala Hōʻike i nā mea maikaʻi loa mea kūʻai uila. ^. Ua pili i ke kumu like me ka thermal ke ola; Hiki i nā polokalamu kelepona ke hoʻokaʻawale wikiwiki i ka ikehu kinetic (wela) mai kahi'āpana o ka mea meta i kekahi. ʻO kēia ke kumu liulaala ua nui loa i hoʻohana nuiʻia i nā noi uila, mai ka hale noho i loko o nā interconnect i loko o ka semiconduc pā chip. ʻO ia kekahi o nā kumu nui o keʻano o ke aʻoʻana i nā kumuwaiwai e like me ka Nā Libistry Libretexts.

No ke aha ke kūʻaiʻana i ke keleawe a me nā ductile? He haʻawina mai kāna paʻa lāʻau.

Mawaho ke ola,ʻelua mau waiwai hōʻailona o liulaala ona mallepihapiha (ka hiki ke hāʻawiʻia i loko o nā'āpanaʻili) a kumaikalua (ka hiki ke kiʻiʻia i nā wires). Elua Mallebility a me ka thictility Ua weheweheʻia e keʻano o ka Nā pilina metallic. ^. I loko o kahi paʻa crystallian Ion nā mea paʻa, e like me ka paʻakai, e noi ana i kahi ikaika ikaika hiki ke hoʻololi i nā papa o nā tions. Hiki i kēia hoʻololi ke lawe mai i nāʻike me ia e kauoha like ma hope o kekahi, e hōʻike ana i keʻano ikaika e wāwahi ai i ka crystal. He brittle ka waiwai. Penei, ʻAno ʻO nā kikowaena kikowaena he mea nui loa a e wāwahiʻia ma mua o ka bond.

I a mea meta Uā liulaala,ʻokoʻa loa ke kūlana. Ke noiʻia kahi ikaika, hoʻokahi papa o liulaala Hiki i nā I; hiki i nā mea'ē aʻe ma luna o kahi'ē aʻe me ka wāwahiʻana i nā mea. 'Ōlelo ke kai o nā electroons delocalized he fluid a hoʻoponopono kokeʻia i ka hoʻonohonoho hou o ka Nā Pono maikaʻi, e mālama ana i ka hoʻopiliʻana o ka eleele cheseive. 'Ōlelo Nā pilina metallic ʻaʻole kūlike; He mea ia e pili ana i keʻano o nāʻano o kekahi, i ko lākou hopohopo i ke kai uila. Hāʻawi i kēiaʻanoʻano likeʻole e hōʻikeʻia me ka hoʻopiliʻoleʻana, he waiwai koʻikoʻi no nā hana e hoʻohana ai i nā hana e like me Nā Kūlana Kūʻaiʻo Aluminim no nā noi noi.

Pehea ka hoʻolālāʻana o ka papa manawa i ka hana i keʻano o ke kālā?

'Ōlelo papa papa he mea pono kūpono no ka wānana i keʻano o keʻano. Liulaala (Cu) Aia ma ka hui 11 a ua heluʻia ma keʻano he hoʻololi mea meta. ^. ʻO nā mea i hōʻikeʻia e like me nā metala e like me ka maʻamau o nā eleele e nalowale i nā electrons ma mua o ka loaʻaʻana iā lākou,ʻo ia kahi mea hou aku E hana i nā mea paʻa metallic. ^. Loaʻa nā metals ma kaʻaoʻao hema a ma ke kikowaena o ka papa papa. ^. He mau mea liʻiliʻi kēia mau mea Valence Electrons a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, e koiʻia ka liʻiliʻi o ka ikehu liʻiliʻi e wehe i kā lākou Nā electrons.

Hōʻikeʻia kēia kūlana i kēlā liulaala ʻaʻole e hana ʻAno nā mea paʻa (e pono ai e loaʻa i ka loaʻaʻana a iʻole ka laweʻana i nā electrons he nui e hoʻokō ai i kahi'āpana piha) a iʻole Ion pili me ia iho. Ma kahi, e hāʻawi hou i kāna mau manawa e hāʻawi i kāna mau 4s hoʻokahi Valence Electron hana ia i kahi moho kūpono loa no ʻO ka pū metallic. ^. Nā waiwai o nā mea āpau o nā mea āpau ma kāna hui, me ke kālā (Ag) a me ke gula (Au), e hanaʻia e ka Nā pilina metallic, e alakaʻi ana i ko lākou mau hiʻohiʻona iʻikeʻia ke ola, mallepihapiha, a me ka luster.

He aha nā mea kūpono kūpono no ka semiconduckector a me ka hana pāʻoihana?

E like me kaʻenehana a me ka mea hana, aia kēia kahi e hoʻokō ai ka manaʻo. Maopopo i ka Nā pilina metallic i liulaala he mea nui no kā mākou mea kūʻai aku ma ka semiconduc pā, Em ka pā hale, a me nāʻoihana capacitores. ʻO ka hilinaʻi o ka huahana hope loa e iho pinepine i lalo i ka maikaʻi o kāna mau pili microscopic, e alakaʻiʻia e nā waiwai o nā Nā pilina metallic.

No ka manawa, i semiconduc pā ʻO ka kāpiliʻana,ʻo Ultrasonic Will Banking kahi kaʻina koʻikoʻi. Hana mākou i nā mea hana e like me ka Hoʻopiliʻia nā mea hana i ka umu o nā mea hana a Aluminum Wire i nā mea hana o nā mea hana e hilinaʻi i ka mallepihapiha o aluminum a iʻole Nā Wili Kāleʻa e hana i kahi paʻa paʻa paʻa. 'Ōlelo Nā pilina metallic Eʻae i ka kelepona e hana ai a hana i kahi pili i ka piliʻole me keʻanoʻole. Eia nō naʻe, keʻano kiʻekiʻe a me mea kūʻai uila no liulaala He mea pono no ka hoʻokumuʻana i nā interconnect i hiki ke mālama i ka wela a me ka mana i nā hana holomua e like me Igbts. Ka ikaika Nā pilina metallic nā hopena i loko o kahi kiʻekiʻe Malting Point, e hōʻoia ana i kēia mau pilina pili i lalo i lalo o nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. Ma Dongxin, ua hoʻohana mākou i kēiaʻike i nā mīkini hoʻolālā e like me kā mākou WS9820 Auluni maʻalahi i ka momona,ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻomaikaʻiʻia e hana me nā waiwai waiwai o nā metala.

Ma waho o ke keleawe

Oiai Nā pilina metallic ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālike no nā mea āpau no nā mea a pau nā mea metallic, hiki i ka ikaika a me keʻano o keʻano e hiki ke hoʻololi nuiʻia mai kekahi mea meta i kekahi. Ua wehewehe kēiaʻanoʻano nui i ka nui o nā waiwai a mākou eʻike ai ma waena o nā metala likeʻole. Ka ikaika o ka Nā pilina metallic E hilinaʻi nui ana i nā mea nuiʻelua:ʻo ka uku o ka mea meta AlohaWa A me ka Ka helu o nā electrons ua loaʻa i ke kai "kai."

No ka laʻana, aluminum (al) aia ma ka hui 13 a hāʻawi i nā mea kūʻai akuʻekolu e koho i ke kai Electron i ke kai Electron AlohaWa. ^. ʻO kēia hopena i kahi ikaika Nā pilina metallic ua hoʻohālikelikeʻia liulaala,ʻo ka mea e hāʻawi wale i hoʻokahi eleddtron. ^. ʻO kēia pili bonder e hāʻawi i ka nui o ka ahunimum i hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻoikaika kino no kona koʻikoʻi. Tungsten (w), kahi hoʻololi mea meta, hiki ke hāʻawiʻia iʻeono i nā electrons mahana, e hana ana i kahi ikaika loa Nā pilina metallic. ^. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka nui o nā mea kiʻekiʻe loa Nā poʻomanaʻo of all metals and is used in high-temperature applications. Ma Dongxin, e hoʻonui i kā mākou loea i ka machining a me ka hoʻopiliʻana i kēia mau mea likeʻole, inā paha e hana ana i nā mea hana a nā mea hana o nā limahana ʻO ke kākauʻana o ka mīkini makani no ka hoʻopiliʻana i nā pahu. ^. Ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i nā poʻe o ka Nā pilina metallic I kēlā me kēia eʻae iā mākou i nā mea hana hana maikaʻi aʻe no kā mākou mea kūʻai aku.

Nā Kūleʻa Kil

E hoʻopau i ko mākou mau hohonu hohonu i loko o ka waihoʻana o liulaalaEia nō, eia nā wahi nui e hoʻomanaʻo ai:

• Kūlana Kūlana Kūlana: Nā atom i loko o ka paʻa liulaala e paʻa pūʻia e a Nā pilina metallic, aole ano Ion Oole kaohi.
• ʻO ke "kai o nā electrons" hoʻohālike: 'Ōlelo Nā pilina metallic nā mea i loaʻa i kahi lattice rigid o ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻiʻia liulaala nā mea i hoʻopuniʻia e ke kai o ka mobile " nā electrons delokalised.
• Role o Valence Electron: Kēlā liulaala ʻātoma Hāʻawi i kāna kū hoʻokahi Valence Electron i kēia kai kolamu.
• Kumu o nā waiwai nui: Kēia kūʻokoʻa booke E wehewehe pono i ka hoʻolālāʻana i nā waiwai waiwai nui o Copper:
  • Ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe: 'Ōlelo noa e neʻe nā electrons delokalised E lawe i nā lako uila a me ka wela me ka hana kūʻokoʻa.
  • Mallebility a me ka makemake: Nā papa o mea meta hiki i nā mea hiki ke hele i kekahi i kekahi'ē aʻe me kaʻole o ka wāwahi i nā mea paʻa,ʻae liulaala e hanaʻia.
• ALOHA: ʻO kahi hoʻomaopopo hohonu o ka Nā pilina metallic he mea pono no ka hana houʻana a me ka mana o ka maikaʻi i nāʻoihana e like me semiconduc pā ʻO ka hanaʻana, kahi e hoʻohanaʻia ai kēia mau waiwai i kēlā me kēia lā e kūkulu i nāʻenehana o ka wā e hiki mai ana.