Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'umuriro uboneka mu nsinga z'umuringa: kwibira byimbitse mu guhuza ibyuma

Nkumurimo wibice byibasiye byinshi bya semiconductor na elegitoroniki, ikipe yanjye nanjye hamwe na Dongxin ikoranabuhanga rya elegitoronike ya Dongxren ryishora hamwe na Marcus mubudage cyangwa abatekinisiye bayobora mu Buyapani. Ntabwo babajije gusa kubicuruzwa; Bashaka kumva siyanse yibanze ituma ikintu cyizewe. Ikibazo gisanzwe ariko cyimbitse kizanye nubuzima bwibikoresho dukoresha buri munsi, nka umuringa. Gusobanukirwa Ubwoko bw'inguzanyo gufata Atom hamwe ntabwo ari imyitozo yamasomo - ni urufunguzo rwo gufungura impamvu umuringa ni umugongo wa electronics zigezweho. Iyi ngingo izakuramo imiti in umuringa, kwimuka birenze ibisobanuro byoroshye kugirango usobanure uburyo imiterere yihariye ya atome itegeka imitungo injeniyeri zishingiye kubikorwa bya elegictronics yo hejuru.

Ni ubuhe bucuti bw'imiti, mu buryo bumeze?

Kuri core yayo, a imiti ni ugukurura kuramba hagati ya atome, ion, cyangwa molekile zituma gushiraho imiti. Bitekerezeho nkimbaraga zifatizo zifata hamwe. Buri atome igizwe n'inzige zose, ziregwa neza nucleus Uzengurutswe nigicu cyamagororwa yishyuwe nabi. Ni imyitwarire yaya electron yo hanze, izwi nka Valence Electrons, ibyo bitegeka imiterere yo guhuza. Intego kuri buri wese atome Kwitabira ubumwe ni ukugera kuri leta ihamye, mubisanzwe nukuzuza hanze electron Igikonoshwa.

Uku gushikama kugerwaho binyuze mugusangira, gutanga, cyangwa kwakira an electron (cyangwa electron nyinshi) hagati ya atome. Uburyo bwihariye bwakoreshejwe asobanura Ubwoko bw'inguzanyo iyo ngingo. Ibisubizo imbaraga zo gukurura ntabwo ari amazi kumubiri ahubwo ni imbaraga za electrostatic - gukurura ibirego byiza nibibi. Gusobanukirwa iki gitekerezo nintambwe yambere yo gushima inzira idasanzwe a ibyuma nka umuringa Tegura atome itabarika kugirango ikore ibintu bikomeye, bitwara neza. Gahunda yose ya electrons nicyo gitanga ibimenyetso byumutungo utandukanye.

Hariho ubwoko butandukanye bwingwate?

Nibyo, mugihe hari byinshi nigence nyinshi, muri rusange ba Classiste batondekanya imiti yimiti mubyiciro bitatu by'ibanze. Buri bwoko bwerekana ingamba zitandukanye atome ikoresha kugirango igabanye ibyabo electron iboneza. Gusobanukirwa ibi Ubwoko bw'ingwate ni ngombwa kubyumva Kuki umuringa ishingiye ku bwoko bumwe.

1. Ionic: Ibi Ubwoko bw'inguzanyo mubisanzwe bibaho hagati ya a ibyuma n'icyuma atome. Muri an ionic, electron imwe cyangwa nyinshi yimuriwe muri ibyuma atome ku bitari atome. Iyi form itera bibiri ions yashizwemo: CAT yishyurwa neza (the ibyuma ibyo byatakaye an electron) hamwe na anion yashizwe nabi (itari ibyuma byungutse electron). Gukurura electrostatike ikomeye hagati yibi ions ikora ubumwe. Urugero rwa kera ni umunyu (Nacl).

2. Bond: IYI ITEGEKO RIKURIKIRA IYO ATOM BINSHI-Mubisanzwe Bitari Brabls-Sangira imwe cyangwa nyinshi za electron. Aho kwimura, the Amashanyarazi asangiwe orbit nuclei ya atome zombi, ubafata hamwe. An imigabane ya atom electron kugirango irangize igikonoshwa cyo hanze. Ibi birashobora kuba bisanzwe Bond cyangwa a Bond Coland Bond, aho electron yasangiwe bitewe no gutandukanya electronegativite. Amazi (H₂o) nurugero rwambere rwa molekile bafatanije na covalent Bonds.

3. Ihuriro: Iyi ni Ubwoko bw'inguzanyo iboneka mubyuma na alloys, harimo umuringa. Nuburyo budasanzwe bwo guhuza ibiranga imitungo iranga ibyuma. Bitandukanye ionic cyangwa covalent ingoma, the Guhuza birimo Gusangira hamwe bya electrons hakurya ya atome, tuzasesengura muburyo burambuye.

Kuki umuringa udafite hamwe na ionic cyangwa covalentare?

Urebye nyamukuru Ubwoko bwo guhuza, birumvikana kubaza impamvu umuringa ntabwo ikora ionic cyangwa covalent Bonds ubwayo. Igisubizo kiri muri kamere ya umuringa atome electron. An ionic ihita iyobowe kuko bisaba kwimura an electron hagati yubwoko bubiri butandukanye bwa atome-imwe byoroshye kureka electrons (a ibyuma) Kandi imwe ibyakira byoroshye (itari ibyuma). Mu gice cyera umuyoboro w'umuringa, atome zose zirasa umuringa atome. Nta icyuma kitari icyuma atome impano yo kwakira an electron, Oya ionic irashobora gukora.

A Bond nanone ntabwo ari uburyo bufatika kuri umuringa. A. Bond bisaba atome kugirango dusangire electrons kugirango dukore ubushishozi, icyerekezo. A umuringa atome ifite imwe gusa Valence Electron ariko izengurutswe na 12 umuringa atome muburyo bwa kirisiti. Ntabwo gusa bifite electron yo hanze ihagije kugirango ikore Bond hamwe na buri muturanyi wayo. Kugerageza kubikora byavamo imiterere idahwitse kandi idakomeye. Imiterere ya a ibyuma atome ni Gutakaza Igarare electron byoroshye, ntabwo kubisangiza muburyo bukomeye, uhujwe. Ibi biranga biranga gukora covalent Icyitegererezo ntigikwiye gusobanura imiterere ikomeye, ihamye ya ikomeye umuringa.

Nigute umubano w'icyuma mubyo atom yumuringa ukora?

Uwiteka imiti ibyo biratanga umuringa imiterere yacyo idasanzwe ni Ihuriro. Iyi moderi yasobanuwe neza nka gahunda ya ishoka biherereye mu buryo butemewe, gusubiramo (lattice ya kirisiti) kandi ikikijwe n "inyanja" ya electron igendanwa. Mu gice gikomeye cya umuringa, buri umwe umuringa atome atanga umusanzu wo hanze electron kuri iri nyanja rusange. Izi electrons ntigifitanye isano na buriwese atome; Ahubwo, barahinduka delocaline.

Ibi "Inyanja ya electron" ni imfuruka ya Ihuriro. Uwiteka electron ya delocalised ni rwose Ubuntu Kwimuka mu gice cyose cya ibyuma. Uwiteka Ihuriro ubwayo ni electrostatic imbaraga zo gukurura hagati ya lattice ya ion nziza (i umuringa atome idafite valence elect) na mobile, kuregwa nabi Inyanja ya electron ya delocalised. Ntabwo ari isano iri hagati ya atome ebyiri ariko abaturage benshi bakurura umuryango wose hamwe n'imbaraga nyinshi. Iyi gahunda idasanzwe ishinzwe hafi ibintu byose biranga imitungo y'ibyuma.

Ni uruhe ruhare Valence electron ikinira mu myanda y'umuringa?

Uwiteka Valence Electron ni inyenyeri yerekana iyo igeze kuri Ihuriro. Valence electron ni electron murwego rwo hanze rwa an atome, kandi nibo bitabira guhuza imiti. Kuri a umuringa atome, iboneza rya electron ni [ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹. Ingaragu electron muri 4s orbital ni Valence Electron. Ibi electron ni kure cyane nucleus kandi ntabwo ifashwe neza cyane. Kubera iyo mpamvu, birashobora guhabwa byoroshye "inyanja."

Iyo umubare munini wa Atom tera hamwe kugirango ugire igikomeye, buri kimwe atome irekura 4s Valence Electron. Ibisigaye inyuma ni a kuregwa umuringa ion (Cu⁺) hamwe na 3D yuzuye 3D orbital. Ibi ion nziza Witegure muri kaburimbo ya karita. Amashanyarazi ya Elect ubu azwi nka electron ya delocalised kandi bafite umudendezo wo kuzerera muriyi kato. Gukurura electrostatike ikomeye hagati yumubare munini wa Nuclei Muri kanseri hamwe numubare munini wa electron igendanwa zigize imbaraga zikomeye, zidahwitse Ihuriro.

Nigute iyi ndonde idasanzwe isobanura imishinga minini y'umuringa?

Bidasanzwe gukora ya umuringa ni ibisubizo bitaziguye byayo Ihuriro. Mubikoresho hamwe ionic cyangwa covalent Ingwate, electrons irafitwe neza ion cyangwa ufunzwe musangiwe orbital hagati ya atome ebyiri. Ntabwo bafite umudendezo wo kwimuka. In umuringa, ariko, the Inyanja ya electron ya delocalised ihora muburyo budasanzwe. Iyo an Umwanya w'amashanyarazi ikoreshwa kuri a umuyoboro w'umuringa-Kubigereranyo, muguhuza na bateri-ingufu zerekezo zikoreshwa kuri ibi Ubuntu Kwimuka electron.

Uwiteka electron yubusa Hita utangire gutembera mu cyerekezo gihuriweho, uhereye kuri terminal mbi kugeza kuri terminal nziza. Ibi byateganijwe kuzenguruka nibyo twita amashanyarazi. Kuberako hariho benshi electron ya delocalised Iboneka gutwara ibirego kandi birashobora kugenda hamwe no kurwanya bike cyane, umuringa Erekana neza Imyitwarire y'amashanyarazi. Ihame rimwe naryo rireba ubushyuhe gukora; electron igendanwa irashobora kohereza vuba ingufu za kinetic (ubushyuhe) kuva igice kimwe cya ibyuma ku wundi. Iyi niyo mpamvu umuringa ni Byakoreshejwe cyane mugusaba amashanyarazi, kuva murugo kwinjiza ingorane imbere ya a igice cya kabiri Chip. Nimwe mumpamvu nyamukuru ni intego yo kwiga kumikoro nka Chimie Libretexts.

Kuki umuringa woroshye kandi ufite umucungu? Isomo riva mu cyubahiro cyayo.

Birenze gukora, ibindi bibiri byo gusinya umuringa ni ubugome (ubushobozi bwo kurwanira inyundo mumpapuro zoroheje) kandi umucunguruko (ubushobozi bwo gukwega insinga). Byombi Ubushake no Gucuranga byasobanuwe kandi na kamere ya Ihuriro. Muri kristialline ikomeye hamwe ionic Bonds, nkumunyu, ushyira imbaraga zikomeye zirashobora guhindura ibice bya ion. Iyi shift irashobora kuzana ion hamwe na kimwe iruhande rwa buriwese, bigatera guhamagarwa gukomeye kumena kristu. Ibikoresho biratoroshye. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, covalent Igishushanyo mbonera kirakomeye kandi kizacika aho kunama.

Muri ibyuma nka umuringa, ibintu biratandukanye rwose. Iyo imbaraga zikoreshwa, igice kimwe cya umuringa Ion irashobora kunyerera hejuru yindi atavunika ibikoresho. The Inyanja ya electron ya delocalised ni amazi kandi ako kanya amenyeshwa muburyo bushya bwa ion nziza, kubungabunga imyenda ya electrostatitic. The Ihuriro ni ushinzwe; Ntacyo bitwaye aho ion iba ugereranije, mugihe cyose yibizwa mu nyanja ya electron. Iyi miterere idasanzwe yemerera Ibyuma Kuba Guhindura Uteremo Kuvunika, Umutungo unenga kubikoresho bikoresha ibikoresho nka Insinga ya aluminium kubisabwa.

Nigute imbonerahamwe yigihe iteganya imyitwarire yumuringa?

Uwiteka Imbonerahamwe yigihe nigikoresho cyingenzi cyo guhanura imyitwarire mibi. Umuringa (Cu) iherereye mumatsinda ya 11 kandi yashyizwe mubikorwa nkinzibacyuho ibyuma. Ibintu byashyizwe mubikorwa nkibisanzwe bifite imyumvire yo gutakaza electrons aho kubabona, nikibi shiraho ibyuma. Ibyuma biboneka kuruhande rwibumoso no hagati ya Imbonerahamwe yigihe. Ibi bintu mubisanzwe bifite bike Valence Electrons hamwe na иngisation ihangane, bisobanura imbaraga nke zisabwa kugirango ukureho ibyabo electron yo hanze.

Iyi myanya yerekana cyane ko umuringa ntabwo ikora covalent Bonds (zisaba kubona cyangwa gusangira electron nyinshi kugirango ugere kuri octet yuzuye) cyangwa ionic Bonds ubwayo. Ahubwo, impengamiro yo guhita itange ingaragu 4s Valence Electron bituma umukandida mwiza kuri Amarira. Imitungo yibintu byose mumatsinda yayo, harimo na feza (AG) na zahabu (AU), byiganjemo Ihuriro, biganisha ku bintu basangiye hejuru gukora, ubugome, no kurahira.

Nibihe bisobanuro bifatika kuri semiconductor na bateri ikurikirana?

Nka injeniyeri nuwabikoze, aha niho duhura gusaba. Gusobanukirwa Ihuriro in umuringa ni ngombwa kubakiriya bacu muri igice cya kabiri, Ev bateri, hamwe nubushobozi bwa muntu. Kwizerwa kw'ibicuruzwa byanyuma akenshi bimanuka kurwego rwa microscopique ya microscopique, bugengwa numutungo wa Ihuriro.

Kurugero, muri igice cya kabiri Gupakira, uburere bwa ultrasonic bundine ni inzira ikomeye. Dukora ibikoresho nka Yihariye ya Wedge ihuza igikoresho cya aluminium wire isudira ibikoresho byimodoka ibyo bishingikiriza kuri ubugome ya aluminium cyangwa umuyoboro w'umuringa gushiraho urubwiza-. The Ihuriro Emerera insinga guhindura no gukora ihuriro rikomeye utashonga. Byongeye kandi, ubushyuhe bwinshi kandi Imyitwarire y'amashanyarazi ya umuringa ni ngombwa mugukora imikoranire yizewe ishobora gucunga ubushyuhe n'imbaraga mu bikoresho byateye imbere nkibuka. Abakomeye Ihuriro nanone ibisubizo hejuru Gushonga, kureba niba ayo masano akomeza guhagarara no mu bushyuhe bwo hejuru. Kuri Dongxin, dukoresha ubu bumenyi kubishushanyo mbonera nkacu Ws9820 Automatic Thick Aluminium Wire wedge Bonder, bikaba byiza gukorana numutungo wibanze wibyuma.

Kurenga umuringa: Nigute amarira atandukanye mubindi bishanga?

Mugihe Ihuriro Icyitegererezo ni rusange kuri bose Ibintu bya Metallic, imbaraga n'imiterere yinguzanyo birashobora gutandukana cyane kuva umwe ibyuma ku wundi. Imyitwarire isobanura ibintu byinshi tubona ahantu hatandukanye. Imbaraga za Ihuriro Mubisanzwe biterwa nibintu bibiri byingenzi: Ushinzwe Uwiteka ibyuma ion na Umubare wa electron yagize uruhare mu "nyanja."

Kurugero, aluminum (al) ari mumatsinda ya 13 kandi atanga agaciro ka valence eshatu kumanyanja ya electron, akora al³⁺ ion. Ibi bivamo gukomera Ihuriro ugereranije na umuringa, igira uruhare gusa electron. Iyi migozi ikomeye itanga Imbaraga nziza zuburyo kuburemere bwayo. Tungsten (W), inzibacyuho ibyuma, irashobora kugira uruhare kugeza kuri elecran zigera kuri esheshatu, kurema bikomeye cyane Ihuriro. Niyo mpamvu tungsten ifite imwe murwego rwo hejuru Gushonga Ingingo y'ibyuma byose kandi ikoreshwa mubushyuhe bwinshi. I Dongxin, ubuhanga bwacu bwongererana no gukemura ibyo bikoresho bitandukanye, byaba bitera ibikoresho bya karbide ya karbide cyangwa ibice byuburinganire kuri Mandrel yimashini ihindagurika ya bateri. Gusobanukirwa nogence ya Ihuriro Muri buri wese adufashanya gusangira ibisubizo byiza kubakiriya bacu.

ABAFATANYIJE

Kugirango dusoze kwibira cyane mubucuti bwa umuringa, dore ingingo zingenzi zo kwibuka:

• Ubwoko bwambere bwubwoko: Atome mu buryo bukomeye umuringa bafatirwa hamwe na a Ihuriro, ntabwo ari an ionic cyangwa Bond.
• Icyitegererezo "Inyanja ya electrons": Uwiteka Ihuriro igizwe na lattice ikomeye ya kuregwa umuringa Ion izengurutswe na mobile "inyanja" ya electron ya delocalised.
• Uruhare rwa Valence Electron: Buri umuringa atome atanga umusanzu umwe umwe Valence Electron kuri iri nyanja rusange.
• Inkomoko yibintu byingenzi: Iyi idasanzwe Guhuza Imiterere isobanura itaziguye imitungo ifite agaciro ka'umuringa:
  • Imyitwarire myinshi: Uwiteka Ubuntu Kwimuka electron ya delocalised witwaze amashanyarazi nubushyuhe ufite imikorere idasanzwe.
  • Ubuvuzi no kwibiguriza: Ibice bya ibyuma Ion irashobora kunyerera hejuru utarenze inkwano, yemerera umuringa gushika.
• Ibyingenzi: Gusobanukirwa byimbitse kuri Ihuriro ni ngombwa kugirango duhanga udushya nubwiza bugenzura inganda nka igice cya kabiri Gukora, aho iyi mitungo ikoreshwa buri munsi kugirango yubake tekinoroji y'ejo hazaza.